How Energy Division Lead to Major Losses for Sime Darby

There are 4 multimillion Ringgit projects entered by Energy and Utilities division of Sime Darby, but turned out bad. One of the projects is collaboration with Qatar Petroleum (QP), the Bulhanine and Maydan Mahzam project. Sime Darby has been awarded a RM265 million contract to build wellhead platforms where the scope of works in the contract covers three wellhead platforms, installation of about 40 kilometres of pipeline, 23 kilometres of umbilical and alteration to existing platforms. It started in April 2006 and supposedly completed in August 2008. However, the division has encountered delays and cost overruns which resulted in losses on the project exceeding RM500 million, which have already been accounted for. At that time, they still try to negotiate with the QP project’s client on claims for the over budget cost, but the Board has already decided to reverse the revenue of RM200 million previously recognized in the Group accounts for Financial Year 2009. The second project is the Maersk Oil Qatar project (MOQ). Maersk Oil awarded Sime Darby Engineering the EPCIC contract to build and install a process platform, a utility platform and three bridges off the coast of Qatar in February 2007. It was scheduled for completion in October 2009 but there have been delays and cost overruns in this project which caused losses of RM159 million for Financial Year 2010. According to Sime Darby, the cost overruns were incurred on transport and installation, and hookup and commissioning works. It is not clear if the overruns were the result of under-budgeting, and unexpected increase in raw material costs, or both, or some other reason. Even though negotiations were made with the client, they still could not probe the losses. The third project related with the MOQ project, which is the construction of vessels for the MOQ project’s usage called the Marine Project. MARINE Project was meant to turn Sime Darby Bhd into a major marine vessel player in the oil and gas industry, but it didn’t turn out as planned when they picked the wrong shipbuilder. The project including building a derrick-lay barge, a pipe-laying ship, an anchor handling towing supply, and a tug boat that could send supplies to offshore oil rigs. Sime Darby had suffered cost overruns of some RM1. 3 billion for all three projects. And the last project is the Bakun hydroelectric dam project. The project was tendered to Sime Darby Group along with seven-member consortium by the government at a total of RM 1. 788 billion. The Bakun hydroelectric dam project, in which Sime Engineering Sdn Bhd holds a 35. 7% effective interest, was awarded in September 2002 and was initially scheduled for completion in September 2007. However, due to various factors, completion has been delayed and costs have escalated. There are three developments affecting the Bakun project. The first is the merger of the Sime Darby, Guthrie and Golden Hope into a new entity named Synergy Drive. The second is the proposed takeover of the Bakun project by the contractor, Sime Engineering. The third is the revival of the submarine HVDC cable under the South China Sea to transport electricity from Borneo to Peninsular Malaysia. These four projects were under the former president and four other senior executives’ control. They are Datuk Seri Ahmad Zubir Murshid (CEO), Vice-president Datuk Mohamad Shukri Baharom, chief financial officer Abdul Rahim Ismail, head of oil and gas Abdul Kadir Alias and senior general manager of Sime Darby Engineering Mohd Zaki Othman. These personnel were accused of failing to carry out a due diligence on all projects. It also has been reported that they had neglected findings from KPMG, specifically on the deals with MLC shipping Group (construction and sale of four units of anchor handling towing supply at RM285 million and construction of a derrick lay barge for a sum of RM 295 million) and Puteri Offshore Pte Ltd. The VP was blamed for disregarding the due diligence process when he did not disclose or sufficiently highlighted the fact that he had already signed deals with MLC and Puteri Offshore. Sime Darby also has done investigation conduct by the legal and forensic consultants which has validated the finding where they may have been breaches of duties and obligations and inappropriate conduct.

American jail Essay

Prejudice is defined as â€Å"a partiality that prevents objective consideration of an issue (â€Å"Prejudice,† 2005). † A person may assume, for example, that all individuals suffering from AIDS are filthy and must be ignored; or all Africans are unintelligent. The Nazis had similarly supposed that all Jews are worthless and stupid, and therefore must be killed. As a matter of fact, prejudice can be based on gender, religions, cultures, geographical backgrounds, as well as race. Social psychologists define it as an attitude. It could be positive as well as negative. The positive type of prejudice is understood to result in the white privilege. It may also be directed at beautiful or rich people regardless of color. The negative attitude could similarly be directed at an individual or an entire society. Regardless, our attitudes known as prejudices are usually not founded in reason. People who foster prejudices normally believe that they are right to have negative attitudes toward certain individuals or groups of people. Such people justify their prejudices by offering various examples to show that they are right. A white man who has visited an American jail may say that he knows that all African Americans are bad people because most of the people in jail are African Americans. Racism – which is a form of a prejudice – thus intellectualizes the negative attitude of people toward people. Racism is actually defined as a belief system which states that individuals can be superior to others on the basis of race. This theory has led to much violence and genocide in the world. Still, most people have preconceived notions about other people with respect to their races. It takes a high level of education, perhaps, to believe in the essential equality of mankind. References Prejudice. (2005). WordNet: Princeton University Cognitive Science Lab.

Regression Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Regression Paper - Essay Example Moreover, if the significance level is very small, practically less than 0.05, then, it means that the correlation is significant at the same time the two variables are linearly related. However, if the significance level is moderately large, then the correlation is insignificant and these two variables are not linearly related. The t statistics will determine the relative significance of each variable in the model. As a guide on the useful predictors, note for t values well, -2 or above +2. R squared is defined as the variation's proportion in the dependent variable and explained by the regression model. R square values range from 0 to 1. The correlations table presents Pearson correlation coefficients, the significance values, as well as the number of cases containing non-missing values. Clearly, Pearson correlation coefficients presume that data are normally distributed. Values of the correlation coefficient are in the array from -1 to 1. Subsequently, the sign we can see in the correlation coefficient designates the direction of the relationship (+ or -). The fixed value shown by correlation coefficient indicates the strength, if the absolute values are larger it means, it has stronger relationships. Moreover, if the significance level is very small, practically less than 0.05, then, it means that the correlation is significant at the same time the two variables are linearly related. However, if the significance level is moderately large, then the correlation is insignificant and these two variables are

Nursing Care Reflexive Practice Personal Statement

Nursing Care Reflexive Practice - Personal Statement Example Sometimes we just need somebody to talk to so that we can unload what has been bothering us. Once, I have gained her trust then she can tell me more personal things -- things that may have a direct or indirect relation to what caused or is causing her illness. It is an established fact that cases of abuse in the home, school or workplace has been discovered due to the incident reports, record keeping, and even private journals of nurses. The primary requisite to become a confidant is to win the patients trust. FHCHS has observed that "for a patient to disclose private or embarrassing details about their physical or mental condition, they need to first trust that their nurse will treat them with dignity and respect." Knowing my role and what I have to achieve, I had to act within the indeterminate time that I have been given. There is no certainty how long Ms. Smith will be staying in the hospital so I had to act immediately. The first task is to break the ice between us. This proved to be quite difficult because of her unresponsiveness. I tried to spend more time in her room to check on her, straighten her beddings, move the curtains to allow a patch of sunlight in the mornings, at times just to say "hi!" or to ask if she needed anything. I had even gotten into the habit of passing by the minute I started my rounds and even at the end of my shift. I had hoped that this would break the ice. But nothing happened. I tried to make a connection through the visitors that came. But even when she saw that her family and I were in good terms, she still remained unresponsive. Her family welcomed my sincerity and advice. They would even call or pass by during my break hours to just talk. For me, these talks gave me a deeper understanding of Jane. I felt relieved to find out from her relatives that she was just reserved because she was the cautious type and not because she was judgmental of other persons. I also found out that we shared certain commonalities that I know co uld be points of conversation that can make our friendship work if she just reaches out. She made the first move today. Today she smiled as I entered her room. I smiled back and instantly knew that things were going to be different. As I straightened the covers of her bed, she asked that I sit next to her. I cracked a joke to keep the happy atmosphere afloat. Perhaps she just wanted to say farewell since the Consultant has given approval for her to go home. I was surprised that she suddenly opened up. She had started to tell me of her situation at home. But as sudden as she started she also suddenly clammed up when the ward nurse asked for my assistance. I excused myself for I had to first see to the task at hand. I tried to finish fixing the beddings in the ward as fast as I could so that I can continue with my conversation with Jane. I was excited to go see her again hoping that I have finally gained her trust. But when I came into the room, she was again reserved. I tried to coax a conversation out of her by again starting a joke but she did not respond to that. It appears I have lost the momentum. I lost the opportunity to be a friend, to be a confidant and to help her emotionally. I felt so sad because I know that I could have helped her. My feeling

Powerful Women In Politics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Powerful Women In Politics - Essay Example   A list developed by the Forbes Magazine in 2011 ranked some of the powerful women in the world today, depending on how much influence they have. This list included female politicians considered powerful. Among all the women politicians, the influence and power of Angela Merkel in world politics supersedes the others. Her influence and power is manifest in the fact that she is responsible for Germany, which is the world’s largest economy, as well as the European Union economy (Goudreau 2011, para. 2). Merkel is the first woman to hold the position of a chancellor in Germany, apart from being the head of her political party, the Christian Democratic Union party. She has held this political office in Germany since 2005 and re-elected in 2009. Merkel is also responsible for overseeing the operations of the Eurozone, ensuring stability, and unification of the members, as well as overseeing operations of the European Union. This makes Germany the only country among the top world largest economies to be headed by a female (Gedmin 2013).The USA secretary of state, Hillary Clinton, is ranked among the top world’s powerful female politician, because of her political position, achievements, and influence in the world politics. She holds the fourth position after the president of the U.S.A and serves as a world ambassador of the world’s largest economy. Hillary Clinton is among the few women in the U.S.A. who have attempted to run for the presidency in the country.   ... This makes Germany the only country among the top world largest economies to be headed by a female (Gedmin 2013). The USA secretary of state, Hillary Clinton, is ranked among the top world’s powerful female politician, because of her political position, achievements, and influence in the world politics. She holds the fourth position after the president of the U.S.A and serves as a world ambassador of the world’s largest economy. Hillary Clinton is among the few women in the U.S.A. who have attempted to run for presidency in the country. She is popular in the U.S.A and across the globe for advocating for women issues and education, as well as development, which are among the top interests and policies of the U.S.A (Goudreau 2011). The first female president of Brazil, Dilma Rousseff, is among world’s powerful female politicians, given her political influence. Previously, she served as the Minister for Energy and Chief of Staff, where she made a big achievement, sa ving 24 million people in the country from utter poverty. Today, she is faced with a larger responsibility ahead of the 2014 World Cup and the 2016 Olympic Games, which are to be hosted by Brazil (Goudreau 2011). Although Rousseff owns her success to the former Brazilian president, most analysts have credited her for economic reforms in the country, especially her concern for low-income families (Torregrosa 2010). On the other hand, Michelle Bachelet, the first female president of Chile is popular for advocating for women rights, thus, breaking down the barrier for females in the country. She was given the responsibility of heading the UN agency of UN Women, because of her

Analysis of Mortgage Crisis Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Analysis of Mortgage Crisis - Research Paper Example The roots of the current US subprime lending crisis can be traced back to the spiraling housing prices in the first half of this decade. Extremely low lending and borrowing rates increased the demand and supply of existing and new houses. Several institutions started offering subprime mortgages, to borrowers who had an unfavorable credit history, at lower than normal repayment interest levels with little or no down payments. Many investment banks and hedge fund owners began to bet on this new aspect of the US economy. This had allowed investors to avail themselves of loans at low interest rates and invest them in higher yielding avenues. But soon with the US Central Bank (Federal Reserve) initiating a series of interest rate hikes leading to the increase of cost of borrowing to 5.25%, which is the maximum since the last half a decade, and a simultaneous decrease in housing prices, the subprime mortgages were reset at high rates leaving the borrowers to foreclose their accounts and mi ss payments. As an outcome, financial institutions and banks with mortgage securities incurred huge losses and had to trade their assets leading to the subprime lending crisis. Â   Prime debtors are the ones who are considered creditworthy. Subprime debtors are the ones with impaired or no credit history. Subprime lending can be defined simply as lending that involves higher credit risk. While prime loans are typically made to borrowers who have a strong credit history and can demonstrate a capacity to repay their loans, subprime loans are typically made to borrowers who are perceived as deficient on either or both of these grounds. Since this involves the risk of non-payment by the client, it is usually offered at a higher interest rate. The subprime mortgage financial crisis refers to the sharp rise in foreclosures in the subprime mortgage market that started in the US in 2006 and became a global financial crisis in July 2007. The subprime lending storm did not break out overnight. The clouds had been gathering strength for the past few years. Low-interest rates and ample liquidity led to unbridled credit expansion, asset growth and an increase in demand for collateralized debt.

Outlining and Identifying the Characteristics of the Flora and Fauna Essay

Outlining and Identifying the Characteristics of the Flora and Fauna - Essay Example Gaines, and S.D. 2007). Each organism found in this habitat has a different adaptation to increase survival levels in environments with harsh extremes. A rocky shore can typically be separated into different zones each zone has a wealth of species that inhabit it. The splash zone, which is also the spray zone, usually occurs above the spring high tide line. The organisms here have adaptations to cope with high exposure to air and different temperature extremes due to different seasonal fluctuations. The intertidal zone can be split into three different sections the high intertidal area, the low intertidal region and the middle intertidal. The high intertidal zone is mainly hit with the highest of tides. The middle intertidal zone is regularly exposed and submerged by average tides. The low intertidal zone borders the shallow sub tidal zone and is primary marine in character. Shores with vertical zonation are similar globally. Zonation zones are classified by the different exposure le vels to waves and also by the organisms that occur in these areas. Many a biotic factors may influence the result of a comparative survey of rocky shore biota. The geological factors such as the surface texture of surrounding rocks may influence the organisms found as they may need to be adapted to attach to the surface (Kitching, J.A. Little, C. 1996).

Lands and Forestry (general topic) How cutting trees can affect water Assignment

Lands and Forestry (general topic) How cutting trees can affect water streams and fish therefore the chain of food - Assignment Example In addition, cutting trees reduces the likelihood of cloud and rain formation leading to lower volumes of rainfall or precipitation thus reduced water quantities for plant life and other animals that live in areas with trees and even those that depend on other animals that depend, extensively, of trees (â€Å"Indiscriminate Cutting of Trees†). In addition, another common effect of cutting trees to life in the water that affects fish is the issue of temperature in the water and even in the air surrounding a forested area (â€Å"Deforestation†). This is because trees assist in keeping the temperature of the earth at a regulated level; which is crucial for the sustenance of life on earth, which is why desert lands are known to be either extensively hot or even extensively cold. With this in mind, temperature changes affect life drastically in relation to migration and the likelihood of animals and other plant facing extinction and even elimination from their natural habita t. Concerning this, fish in the water are known to feed mainly on planktons that grow in warm water that translates that increased temperatures due to tree felling results in increased plankton growth. As a result, there is bound to be a higher population of planktons than the fish that can feed on them, which makes it grow to excessive levels and die. The death of planktons requires decomposition in order to clean it from the water, and it takes oxygen to eliminate it. This, in turn, leads to reduced levels of oxygen in the water, which is bad for the fish and leads to their death and reduced numbers. Due to this, the food chain is placed under pressure to find alternative sources of food, as is the case for humans who feed on fish and even birds. This turns them against other animal population in order to fill in the deficit left by the reduced number of fish in the water. This might even cause some animals to migrate from their natural habitat in search for more suitable sources of food, as is the case for alligators and other animals that feed on fish as their primary source food. This is all due to increased temperature levels that affect food growth in the water. In addition to increased water temperature levels, fish tend to migrate to areas that have lower or suitable temperatures in order to alleviate the likelihood of extinction (McKewon 82). Other than these two effects of cutting trees, affecting streams and fish and finally the food chain, erosion also factors. In this case, cutting trees allows room for erosion of soil into water bodies such as streams since trees protect the soil from being washed away (â€Å"Why Is Clearcutting†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ). Erosion raises the streambed to higher levels than it should be leaving fish susceptible to predators due to hunting with ease. Through this, the fish face extinction thanks to high levels of being taken out of the water and even the population of the predators’ increases drastically putting the f ish more at risk. This directly translates into pressure on the fish population and even that of the predators meaning that there is a gap in the food chain, which requires to be filled. The predator population increases and seeks other foods to meet the large population; thus putting more pressure on other population both plant and animal. This can be seen in the case of humans and other omnivores that feed on fish

Alicia Essay Example for Free

Alicia Essay Alicia she was just a worrier. She said she would feel keyed up and unable to relax. At times it would come and go, and at times it would be constant. She is now afraid to go to a simple dinner party or even go to a restaurant. She stays in bed most days and hardly leaves her house. Thoughts Alicia has are racing and she says it’s hard to let things go. Alicia also has sleeping problems, trouble concentrating, lightheadedness, and worries about everything. I would diagnose Alicia with social anxiety disorder. This is an anxiety disorder in which a person has an excessive and unreasonable fear of social situations. Anxiety arises from a fear of being closely watched, judged, and criticized by others. A person with social anxiety disorder is afraid that they will make mistakes, look bad, and be embarrassed or humiliated in front of others. With this fear, they might not go around social situations at all. Without treatment, social anxiety disorder can negatively interfere with the persons normal daily routine. (MayoClinic,2013) Symptoms of social anxiety disorder can include: avoidance of social situations, anxiety in social situations, confusion, fast heartbeat, tension, and confusion. I will tell Alicia that this is a very common disorder. This disorder is second to depression, and it is more common in adult females than males. There is no known cause, but biological, psychological, and environmental factors may have an influence. Since these symptoms listed above are present, I will evaluate further by by asking questions about Alicia’s medical history and performing a physical exam. No lab tests will be done. If no physical illness is found, I will recommend her to see a psychiatrist or a psychologist. Along with this evaluation and seeing a psychiatrist or a psychologist, the most effective treatment currently is cognitive behavioral therapy or CBT. Medication is also used to help ease the symptoms of social anxiety disorder so that cognitive behavioral therapy is more effective. (MayoClinic,2013) CBT is a guide to make someone’s thoughts more rational and tells them to stop social situations until symptoms subside. Therapy may include real life situations or exposure therapy. The medication that can be used to help with CBT is antidepressants, tranquilizers, and beta blockers. MayoClinic,2013) With good treatment, Alicia can improve and enjoy a more productive life. Mrs. Arthur Mrs. Arthur is constantly afraid of catching cancer from contact with other people. She is particularly afraid of touching people who may have been in hospital where cancer patients have treatment. She tries to avoid touching anyone because they may have touched someone else who has had contact with cancer. Because of this she tries to avoid going out of the house at all. If she does touch someone, she has to wash her hands and her clothes extremely thoroughly, sometimes taking hours. She also insists that her husband and children should take off their clothes and wash themselves thoroughly whenever they come into the house. Her family is becoming increasingly impatient with this. She knows these fears are unrealistic but she cannot seem to stop. I would diagnose Mrs. Arthur with Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). OCD is a type of anxiety disorder that traps people in endless cycles of repetitive thoughts and behaviors. People with OCD are constantly distressed with thoughts, fears, or obsessions they cannot control. The anxiety from these thoughts leads to an urgent need to perform certain rituals or routines. The compulsive rituals are performed in an attempt to prevent the obsessive thoughts or make them go away. (PubMedHelp,2013) Doing the rituals may only temporarily relieve the symptoms. Sometimes the rituals will last hours upon hours and interferes with their normal lifestyle. Symptoms of OCD include: obsessions, compulsions, fears of germs, causing harm, or making mistakes. They will repeatedly bath, shower, or wash their hands. They will also avoid touching things, and repeatedly check things. They may also clean a lot, count things, or do things in a specific order. There is no known cause of OCD but biological and environmental factors may be an influence. There is also no lab test to diagnose OCD. I would clearly diagnose Mrs. Arthur by simply looking at her symptoms and evaluate how much time she spends doing her â€Å"rituals†. OCD can be treated with medications and cognitive behavioral therapy. Cognitive behavioral therapy is a therapy to teach people with OCD to confront their fears and reduce anxiety without performing the ritual behaviors. Also called exposure therapy. Medications that can subside symptoms are antidepressants or a serotonin inhibitor. Electroconvulsive therapy or ECT is a therapy that uses electrodes that are attached to the patients head and a series of electric shocks are delivered to the brain, which induce seizures. The seizures cause the release of neurotransmitters in the brain. (PubMedHelp,2013) In the end, it relieves symptoms or treats OCD altogether. In most cases, these treatments can successfully help Mrs. Arthur with her OCD. With ongoing treatment, she can have long term relief from symptoms and gain a normal life again.

A Cultural Review of Germany in the 1940’s According to Essay Example for Free

A Cultural Review of Germany in the 1940’s According to Essay It has been said, to understand the present a person must know and understand the past. Focusing on that quote specifically to understanding the past is what The Diary of Anne Frank allows the reader to do. There are many different cultures around the world and many cultures within cultures. Looking specifically at Germany in the time period of the 1940’s, the reader can see that there in fact is a culture within in a culture. The great thing about this piece of literature is that it is the actual person in the culture writing what is going on during that time frame. The Diary of Anne Frank lets the reader dive into a part of history that the culture was different from any other and experience what it was like to be a Jew in the 1940’s in Western Europe. It is sort of ironic how during that time period there were people living in peace and people living in turmoil. This diary only tells about her experience while she is hiding out, but it also gives reference to what is going on outside her family’s hide out. So from that point of view the reader can get the view of what the culture was like while Jewish people were hiding out and what is was like to be taken away and put in a concentration camp. Living in peace may mean how the German people are living because they do not have to face persecution from the government or it could mean how the Jewish that are living in hideouts are at peace because they have not been sent to a concentration camp yet. On the other hand living in turmoil can mean that the Jewish people are living fear of being caught and taken to a concentration camp and that the people that are already in the camps are already in turmoil. When it is said that someone is living in fear means that they are fearful because something may happen to them. In this case it is the fact that they could be taken away from their families if they are caught in hiding. In Anne Frank’s case, she is afraid because she wants to be an actress and those dreams may never come true. It is also the fear of not knowing. Being in suspense of not knowing what is going to happen is sometimes worse that what actually is going to happen. While Jewish people are living in hideouts there is no doubt they are living in fear. The reader can tell that in fact all of the residents with Anne Frank are living in fear because every time something happens they assume that it is the Green Police coming to get them. Living in the concentration camps is living in hope. Not knowing what is going on outside the fence of the camp is left up to the imagination of the person looking out it. Sometimes the only way to move on in life, especially living in a concentration camp, is to hope for something better. Just like when it comes to religion, people believe that there is a higher power. It gives them hope to move on to the next day because if there was no higher power to believe in and give a cause for living then in fact what would be the reason to live. The reader can see this evidence because the father of Anne Frank tells everyone that they do not have to live in fear anymore and they can live in hope that the war will end. It may be far fetched to say that freedom was still available to the Jewish people. But while hiding out there was still some freedom that they could enjoy. Meal time was something that everyone looked forward to during the day. Just being able to eat was such a moral booster. Even though it was just maybe a potato and bread, it still had an effect that gave them strength to move on to the next day. Life in the German concentration camps was equally unbearable. After arriving, the Jews found the camps weren’t much better than the railway’s cattle cars. Row after row of barrack-style houses stood in the center of these camps. Inside each barrack there was little more than beds, three or four high with little space between them and hardly any room in which to move. There was little food and water there too. Thousands in the camps died from starvation, disease, and exposure to the elements. Others were shot at the whim of the Nazis guards. Those Jews that worked had their lives spared but were fed only enough to keep them alive. No one knows for sure how many children were killed but it is estimated at between 1. 2 and 1. 5 million. The children that survived did so because they were hidden in homes, basements and convents or lived with Christian families who concealed their identities. By the end of the war six million Jews had been killed in one way or another inside and outside concentration camps across Europe. Never in human history had so many been killed because of who they were. Jews not immediately selected for extermination faced a living death in the concentration camp, which also included non-Jewish inmates, many of them opponents of the Nazi regime. The SS, who ran the camps, took sadistic pleasure in humiliating and brutalizing their helpless Jewish victims. They get up at 3 am. They have to dress quickly, and make the bed so that it looks like a matchbox. For the slightest irregularity in bed-making the punishment was 25 lashes, after which it was impossible to lie or sit for a whole month. Everyone had to leave the barracks immediately. Outside it is still dark or else the moon is shining. People are trembling because of lack of sleep and the cold. In order to warm up a bit, groups of ten to twenty people stand together, back to back so as to rub against each other. There was what was called a wash-room, where everyone in the camp was supposed to wash. There were only a few faucets and there were 4,500 people in that section. Of course there was neither soap nor towel or even a hand-kerchief, so that washing was theoretical rather than practical. In one day, a person there came a lowly person indeed. They used to get half a liter of black, bitter coffee. That was all they got for what was called breakfast. At 6 a. m. a headcount and they all had to stand at attention, in fives, according to the barracks, of which there were 22 in each section. They stood there until the SS men had satisfied their game-playing instincts by humorous orders to take off and put on caps. Then they received their report, and counted us. After the headcount work started. They went in groups some to build railway tracks or a road, some to the quarries to carry stones or coal, some to take out manure, or for potato-digging. latrine-cleaning, barracks or sewer repairs. All this took place inside the camp enclosure. During work the SS men beat up the prisoners mercilessly, inhumanly and for no reason. They were like wild beasts and, having found their victim, ordered them to present their backside, and beat them with a stick or a whip, usually until the stick broke. The victims screamed only after the first blows, afterwards they fell unconscious and the SS men then kicked at the ribs, the face, at the most sensitive parts of a person’s body, and then, finally convinced that the victim was at the end of their strength, The SS would order another Jew to pour one pail of water after the other over the beaten person until they woke and got up. A favorite sport of the SS men was to make a boxing sack out of a Jew. This was done in the following way: Two Jews were stood up, one being forced to hold the other by the collar, and an SS man trained giving him a knock-out. Of course, after the first blow, the poor victim was likely to fall, and this was prevented by the other Jew holding him up. After the fact, Hitlerite murderer had trained in this way for 15 minutes, and only after the poor victim was completely shattered, covered in blood, his teeth knocked out, his nose broken, his eyes hit, and they released him and ordered a doctor to treat his wounds. That was their way of taking care and being generous. Another customary SS habit was to kick a Jew with a heavy boot. The Jew was forced to stand to attention, and all the while the SS man kicked him until he broke some bones. People who stood near enough to such a victim often heard the breaking of the bones. The pain was so terrible that people, having undergone that treatment, died in agony. Apart from the SS men there were other expert hangmen. These were the so-called Capos. The name was an abbreviation for barracks police. The Capos were German criminals who were also camp inmates. However, although they belonged to us, they were privileged. They had a special, better barracks of their own; they had better food, better, almost normal clothes. They wore special red or green riding pants, high leather boots, and fulfilled the functions of camp guards. They were worse even than the SS men. In each section stood a gallows, for being late for the head count, or similar crimes, the camp elder hanged the offenders. Work was actually unproductive, and its purpose was exhaustion and torture. At twelve noon there was a break for a meal. Standing in line, we received half a liter of soup each. Usually it was cabbage soup, or some other watery liquid, with-out fats, tasteless. That was lunch. It was eaten in all weather under the open sky, never in the barracks. No spoons were allowed, though wooden spoons lay on each bunk probably for show, for Red Cross committees. One had to drink the soup out of the bowl and lick it like a dog. From 1 p. m. till 6 p. m. there was work again. I must emphasize that if we were lucky we got a 12 oclock meal. There were days of punishment when lunch was given together with the evening meal, and it was cold and sour, so that our stomach was empty for a whole day. Afternoon work was the same: blows, and blows again. Until 6 p.m. At six there was the evening headcount. Again we were forced to stand at attention. Counting, receiving the report. Usually we were left standing at attention for an hour or two, while some prisoners were called up for punishment parade-they were those who in the Germans eyes had transgressed in some way during the day, or had not been punctilious in their performance. They were stripped naked publicly, laid out on specially constructed benches, and whipped with twenty-five or fifty lashes. The brutal beating and the heart-rending cries all this the prisoners had to watch and hear. In conclusion, the reader can see that life, even though hard, was easier in the hideouts than it was in the concentration camps. Even if everything was still the same except the physical abuse then life would still be easier in the concentration camp. The Diary of Anne Frank gives us great insight to life while hiding out. Unfortunately she was unable to give us an account for the camps because she eventually died before the camps were liberated. But the saying, to understand the present a person must know and understand the past, is really true in these events. Hopefully for some culture history will not repeat itself.

The Tragedy of the Commons Theory Analysis

The Tragedy of the Commons Theory Analysis In The Tragedy of the Commons, Garrett Hardin argues that appeals to conscience are not effective in solving common problems. First, I will explain Hardins arguments against appealing to conscience and why he thinks it is ineffective, and then show what he thinks will work instead of appeals to conscience. After that, I will describe why I dont think his reasoning is correct and offer an alternate proposal for why appealing to conscience can solve commons problems. Next, I will respond to my proposal to make a reasonable case for it. Finally, I will show that I make a stronger case than Hardin and that appealing to conscience is very effective means of solving common problems. Hardin states that conscience is self-eliminating (Hardin, p. 1246). He references Charles Galton Darwin who shows that persons who appeal to conscience would when confronted with appeals to limit breeding, would respond by limiting breeding. C.G Darwin argues that this does not fit with the theory of natural selection and these people would, after hundreds of generations, cease to exist. Hardin argues that based on natural selection and the heredity of conscience, persons who are more susceptible to appeals to conscience have a system set up to eliminate that trait form the race. He uses heredity generally to include germ cell transmission of traits and exosomatical transmission of traits. Hardin also discusses how asking someone to stop doing something, he uses exploiting the commons as an example, in the name of conscience (Hardin, p. 1246) is a contradiction. He describes the two different messages being sent as intended and unintended communication. This is referred to as the double bind by Bateson. When one makes a request for an appeal to conscience what is intended to come across is that If you dont do as we ask we will openly condemn you for not acting like a responsible citizen. (Hardin, p. 1246). The unintended message one receives is that If you do behave as we ask, we will secretly condemn you for a simpleton who can be shamed into standing aside while the rest of us exploit the commons. (Hardin, p. 1246). This unintended message, Hardin claims, triggers guilt and anxiety. While this can be effective, Hardin questions whether the ends justify the means. He doesnt think it is acceptable to use techniques that are psychologically pathogenic. His response to t his is that instead of psychologically manipulating persons who exploit commons we should adjust the social arrangements in regards to responsibility. His response leads from the philosopher Charles Frankel who defines responsibility as the product of definite social arrangements. (Hardin, p. 1247). Hardin explains that to keep a bank robber from using the bank as a commons, you dont reprimand him or aim to psychologically coerce him you change the social arrangements. If you say the bank is not a commons then the social arrangements will keep it from becoming a commons. According to Hardin the way in which we can alter social arrangements is through privatization and taxes. I dont think that Hardins view that conscience is self-eliminating is valid. If one can make the appeal to conscience to limit breeding, than they should also be able appeal to their conscience to increase population when necessary. This is to say that persons who appeal to conscience can adhere to many appeals to conscience, not only ones that would decrease their population. Take into account religious organizations that preach that persons are put on this earth solely to reproduce and that by not doing so they will face disapproval or judgment. This is an appeal to conscience. Having as many kids as you can is the right thing to do; it is your obligation to have as many children as possible. This works as well with many people as appealing to conscious to save the earth and decrease our population does with another type of persons. His argument that being susceptible to conscience will cause them to go extinct does not hold for all persons of conscience. In relation to common problems I believe that appeals to conscience can provide a solution so long as it is paired with education. I think it is unreasonable to say that there can only be one way to solve common problems, allowing for appeals to conscience be paired with education. By incorporating an educational piece into an appeal to stop exploiting commons it solves the problem of the double bind. You are able to clearly convey the intended message as before. However, the unintended message is cleared because you are actually showing facts and figures on why people should stop exploiting commons. If you have the evidence that shows that the pros out way the cons to cutting back on usage, then people wont feel like they are being swindled. While this may take more time than privatizing land or charging taxes because you may have to try multiple time to get people to fully understand the facts it can still work. People that are more susceptible to appeals of conscience will agree more readily to stop exploiting the commons. As more people make appeals to conscience the persons that are less susceptible can see the improvements that are being made by those that have stopped exploiting the commons. The research and education piece will build on itself making a stronger case for everyone to appeal to conscience. An objection that can be made is whether it is morally acceptable to come at people on a psychological level. Exposing a person as irresponsible citizen can still cause stress and make some people appeal to conscience when they are merely afraid of being judged. This can cause a problem when the actions and advocacy of individuals that have appealed to conscience is a large part of appropriately educating people. If this happens it will be less effective than originally thought. I think that because of the psychological pathogen that is conscience, Hardin makes a better argument for staying away from using it to solve commons problems. While appealing to conscience while appropriately educating can work, it would take more time and effort than merely changing the social arrangements. I also believe that his claim that conscience is self-eliminating is not accurate. This however, does not affect the larger issues of using conscience to solve common problems. In The Tragedy of the Commons, Garrett Hardin argues that appeals to conscience are not effective in solving common problems. Hardins argues against appealing to conscience because he thinks that conscience is self eliminating and that using a psychological pathogen is ineffective and morally problematic. He suggests changing the social implication of a commons by using privatization and taxes to solve commons problems. I disagree that conscience is self eliminating and that appeals to conscience can work as long as people are properly educated at the same time to solve the problem of the double bind. Unfortunately, this does not solve the problems that may come up as conscience is still a psychological tool and may have negative effects to the plan. I think that Hardin makes a stronger case that taxation and privatization are the most effective ways to solve commons problems.

The Many Eccentricities of Kim Jong Il Essay -- International Governme

Over the course of history, it can be determined that the most evil of dictators follow the same set of characteristics. Generally, these tyrants rule with an iron fist, deploying military power whenever they feel they should. They often funnel their state’s coffers into their own personal bank accounts, and it is common for dictators to force their people to treat them with the utmost reverence and respect. These traits are seen in rulers like Hitler, Stalin, Mugabe and Hussein. However, there is one dictator set apart from the rest--the North Korean former President Kim Jong Il. It is Il’s eccentricities, of which there are many, distinguish from the other members of Dictator’s Club. Kim Jong Il has been characterized by many renowned psychologists as narcissistic, antisocial, sadistic, paranoid, schizoid and schizotypal, as per what a â€Å"normal† dictator can be diagnosed with. However, he has also been typified as pteromerhanophobic, or deathly afraid of flying. This leads to his first eccentricity: his insistence of leaving North Korea only by armored train. The train spans seven rail-cars with two electric diesel cars to pull it along. Its windows are bulletproof, and though it does not seem to be armored, the fuselage of the cars is made from heavy metal plating. Though armored trains are not generally considered useful, and most are not in use, Il employed his regularly, using it to travel to such destinations as Moscow, Beijing and Siberia. A Russian emissary who traveled by the train described it as very ornate, and also disclosed that Il had had live lobsters airlifted daily to the galley car. Another traveler aboard the train said Kim Jong Il had multiple sets of pure-silver chopsticks stored aboard with which he might... ...w.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/northkorea/8965098/Kim-Jong-il-double-rainbows-fear-of-flying-and-Godzilla-10-things-you-might-not-know.html>. "No Motherland Without You." Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 24 May 2012. Web. 25 May 2012. . Fuller, Graham. "Mad for the Movies: On Kim Jong-Il's Insane Obsession With Hollywood (and Elizabeth Taylor)." Artinfo. 19 Dec. 2011. Web. 25 May 2012. . Savage, Mark. "Kim Jong-il: The Cinephile Despot." BBC News. BBC, 19 Dec. 2011. Web. 25 May 2012. "Pteromerhanophobia." Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 21 May 2012. Web. 27 May 2012. .

Big Box Retailers :: essays research papers

America has always been a country where freedom has been treasured. Freedom is the most basic, valued principle that America was founded on. Whenever a threat looms, it is the cry and demand for freedom that pulls at the heartstrings of all Americans and moves them to action. Any threat to freedom is, in essence, a threat to America. This is usually interpreted as only a military threat, but there is another form the threat could take that is equally dangerous: an economic threat. This is why there are laws against monopolies – so that one company never has an unfair advantage over another. Freedom, equal opportunity for all. Enter the world of big box retailers. These companies are the biggest and most profitable there are to be found in America – the cornerstones of American economic prosperity. Some people, however, contest that the negatives of having a big box retailer in your town far outweigh the positives. Over the years and through many debates and conflicts i t has become apparent that, no matter how beneficial big box retailers are to America, they have an overall negative effect on the American people.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Some of the negative aspects of big box retailers can be seen in the effects on the environment and economy.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Pollution has always been a big concern for anyone who has seen films or pictures from some of the Southeast Asian countries, where smog sometimes fills the whole sky of cities. Indeed, pollution is a terrible thing, but unfortunately it is a real concern for our modern times. There is always a price to pay for advancing, and in many cases that price is the creation of harmful substances to the environment around us, and sometimes even to us. One shocking example of this happened not so long ago right here in the United States, when one of the five great lakes, Lake Erie, was so full of pollution around Cleveland that almost all of the wildlife died and people could literally walk across the top of the pollution on the lake. Obviously, nobody wants anything like this to ever happen again. Fortunately, the lake was eventually cleaned up, but the damage was done, both to the environment and to the psyche and mindset of the American people. Some people see big box re tailers as a cause of much pollution, and for some people that’s all they need to hear in order to be eternally opposed against big box retailers.

Legal Basis of Implementation of K to 12 Essay

LEGAL BASIS OF IMPLEMENTATION OF K TO 12 1. THE WHY OF OUR BEING HERE TODAY †¦. 2. * THE ENABLED FILIPINO * THE LEGAL BASIS 1987 Constitution – Article XIV, Section 1 – Article XIV, Section 2.1 R.A. 7160 (Local Gov’t Code ) * THE K+12 BASIC EDUCATION REFORM * THE SYNTHESIS 3. The enabled/empowered value-driven, visionary Filipino is the greatest treasure of this nation, a vision shared by every segment of our society, a vision achieved through quality education. 4. Article XIV, Section 1. – The State shall protect and promote the right of all citizens to quality education at all levels and shall take appropriate steps to make such education accessible to all. Article XIV, Section 2 (1). – The State shall establish, maintain and support a complete, adequate and integrated system of education relevant to the needs of the people and the society. 5. WHERE ARE WE AT NOW? Insufficient mastery of basic competencies due to congested curriculum High school graduates (< 18 years) lack basic competencies and maturity 6. Locally, only 6 of every 1,000 Grade 6 elementary students are prepared to enter high school. Only 2 of every 100 4 th year high school graduates are fit for college. 7. Internationally, Filipino youths rank 41st in Science and 42 and in Math among 45 countries. 8. Millions of Overseas Filipino Workers (OFW) especially the professionals and those who intend to study abroad are at a disadvantage. Our graduates are not automatically recognized as professionals abroad. The Washington Accord and the Bologna Accord prescribe 12 yrs of basic education for university admission. 9. The Philippines is the only remaining country in Asia with a 10-year pre-university program Source: Adapted from SEAMEO-INNOTECH Table 3 Comparative Data on the Pre-University Education in Asia Country Basic Education Cycle Total Brunei 12 Cambodia 12 Indonesia 12 Lao PDR 12 Malaysia 12 Myanmar 11 Philippines 10 Singapore 11 Thailand 12 Timor-Leste 12 Vietnam 12 Mongolia recently added grades to make basic education 12 years. 10. Why Add Two Years? Decongest and enhance the basic education curriculum Better quality education for all 11. â€Å"We need to add two years to our basic education. Those who can afford pay up to fourteen years of schooling before university. Thus, their children are getting into the best universities and the best jobs after graduation. I want at least 12 years for our public school children to give them an even chance at succeeding.† – President Benigno S. Aquino III 12. K+12 is not new. The proposal to expand the basic education dates back to 1925. 13. WHAT IS K+12? K+12 mean Kindergarten and the 12 years of elementary and secondary education. Kindergarten refers to the 5-year old cohort that takes a standardized kinder curriculum. 14. K+12 Education Vision Graduates of Enhanced K+12 Basic Education Program will: Acquire mastery of basic competencies. Be more emotionally mature. Be socially aware, pro-active, involved in public and civic affairs. Be adequately prepared for the world of work or entrepreneurship or higher education. Be legally employable with potential for better earnings. Be globally competitive. 15. Studies in the Philippines have shown that an additional year of schooling increases individual earnings by 7.5%. 16. What Will the Society Gain from K+12? K+12 will facilitate an  accelerated economic growth. K+12 will facilitate mutual recognition of Filipino graduates and professionals in other countries. A better educated society provides a sound foundation for long-term socio-economic development. 17. What Will the LGUs Benefit from K+12? EVERY CHILD A PRIDE OF THE LOCALITY Increase employment locally and globally Increase business enterprises More entrepreneurs and investors Improved family income Improved LGU income 18. Studies validate that improvements in the quality of education will increase GDP growth by 2% to 2.2%. 19. How Do We Add the Two Years? Proposed Model: K-6-4-2 Model Senior High School Grades 11 to 12 (16-17 years old) Junior High School Grades 7 to 10 (12-15 years old) Elementary School Grades 1 to 6 (6-11 years old) Kindergarten (5 years old) 20. What is Senior High School? 2 years to consolidate academic skills and competencies and allow in-depth specialization for students depending on the occupation/career track they wish to pursue Skills and competencies relevant to the job market 21. Implementation Plan (proposed) 22. Summary Change is two-fold: curriculum enhancement and transition management. K+12 is a less costly alternative to the present system of education. We have 5 years to address shortages before implementation. 23. * 1987 Constitution Art. XIV, Sec. 1 Art. XIV, Sec.2.1 * R.A. 7160 THE ENABLED FILIPINO: VISION & VALUE DRIVEN * Highly competent; Highly skilled; Emotionally mature; Highly productive K+12 ENHANCED BASIC EDUCATION (K+ 6 + 4 +2) Local Government Units Other Government Agencies THE ENABLED FILIPINO 24. Therefore, this is the perfect time for the K+12 Enhanced Basic Education Reform. It cannot wait any longer. 25. WE COUNT ON YOU!!! Make K+12 your LEGACY!!! 26. Team 4A Dr. Carmelita T. Dulangon Dr. Caredad Labe Dr. Ma. Milagros Velez Dr. Rosalie Pasaol Mr. Bianito Dagatan 27. THANK YOU!!!

The King of Rock and Roll / The King of Pop

Elvis Presley and Michael Jackson are both called the â€Å"King† of their particular genre of music. They also share many other similarities as well as many differences. Presley as well as Jackson were involved in church as children and both were very close to their mothers. Humble beginnings led both singers to great fame, sales of their albums numbered into the millions. They both excelled in martial arts and had black belts in karate. Presley lived at a theme ranch â€Å"Graceland† and Jackson also lived at a theme ranch â€Å"Neverland†. While the public knew about Michael Jackson's chimp, Bubbles; the fact that Elvis owned a chimp, Scatter, was relatively unknown. In death, they were also similar, both died of heart malfunction due to prescription drug overdose and both died lonely. Elvis and Michael were great philanthropists giving millions to charity. Both men have been impersonated around the world. Due to the tendency to overspend, both men died in debt. Despite the similarities, Michael and Elvis were also very different. While both men started singing as children, Michael was a prodigy and Elvis in school was told that he could not sing. Elvis made his first recording at age 18, with his first performance at age 19. Michael started performing with â€Å"The Jackson 5† when he was 6, and started his solo career at age 13. While Michael wrote most of his songs and created his dances, Elvis wrote only song and borrowed his dance moves from African-Americans. Elvis taught himself to play both guitar and piano, Michael played piano, guitar, and drums but not on a high level. Elvis' fame was based in Europe and the US, whereas Michael was famous worldwide. Both have a star on Hollywood Boulevard, but Michael has two, one for himself and one for The Jackson 5. Michael who was anorexic, died almost a skeleton while Elvis put on weight in his later years due to diabetes. Elvis and Michael made great contributions to the music world, by either building a genre from scratch or elevating an established genre. They shared many similarities but were also both unique. Works Cited Gkane, Marina. Quora. 28 June 2018. 14 October 2018. .

Chocolate Confectionery Industry Essay

This report will help you to uncover opportunities and understand the key issues affecting your market. How? By giving you instant access to analysis and critical recommendations. It will also challenge routine thinking by providing fresh, new perspectives that energizes your thought processes. Table of Content Introduction Definition Abbreviations Executive Summary The market Figure 1: Value sales and forecast in the UK chocolate market, by segment, 2008-13 Forecast Figure 2: Value sales and forecast in the UK chocolate market, 2008-18 Market factors Improving real spending should facilitate trading up Industry responds to health considerations Demographic changes pose challenges to chocolate Companies, brands and innovation Cadbury Dairy Milk extends its lead Figure 3: Leading brands’ sales and shares in the UK chocolate confectionery market, by value and volume, 2012/13 and 2013/14 Adspend falls in 2013 NPD looks to playfulness The consumer The consumer – Usage Figure 4: Frequency of eating chocolate, December 2013 The consumer – Reasons for eating chocolate confectionery Figure 5: Reasons for buying chocolate confectionery, December 2013 The consumer – Attitudes towards chocolate confectionery Figure 6: Attitudes towards chocolate confectionery, December 2013 The consumer – Factors influencing choice of chocolate as a gift Figure 7: Factors influencing choice when buying chocolate as a gift, December 2013 What we think Issues and Insights Faced with health concerns, chocolate can look to small formats and play off its image as a source of energy The facts The implications Innovation in tablets has hit chocolate assortments The facts The implications Hot drinks occasion and baking offer growth potential The facts The implications Browse Full Report With TOC: http://www.marketresearchreports.biz/analysis/196225 Trend Application Trend: Extend My Brand Trend: Make it Mine Mintel Futures Trend: Brand Intervention Market Drivers Key points Expected growth in consumer spending could fuel trading up Figure 8: Consumer expenditure, at current and constant 2013 prices, 2008-18 Government’s Responsibility Deal invites industry to cut calories Removing confectionery from checkouts recommended to curb impulse purchase Chocolate manufacturers plan for sustainable future supply Demographic changes pose opportunities and threats Under-35s are core users of chocolate Figure 9: Trends in the age structure of the UK population, 2008-13 and 2013-18 Rise in older cohorts will potentially dampen growth The E demographic is expected to see rapid growth Strengths and Weaknesses Strengths Weaknesses Who’s Innovating? Key points Tablets surpass seasonal launches in category share Figure 10: Share of new product launches within the UK chocolate confectionery market, by product category, 2010-13 Brands come out to play Plain flavour loses share in new launches Figure 11: Share of new product launches within the UK chocolate confectionery market, by flavour (incl. blend), 2010-13 For More Latest Reports Under the Same Category: http://www.marketresearchreports.biz/category/135 Market Size, Segmentation and Forecast Key points Market size and forecast Figure 14: UK value and volume retail sales of chocolate, 2008-18 Figure 15: Value sales and forecast in the UK chocolate confectionery market, 2008-18 Chocolate market sees sustained value growth through recession Market Share Key points Own-brand loses share despite pressures on budgets Figure 20: Leading brands’ sales and shares in the UK chocolate confectionery market, by value and volume, 2012/13 and 2013/14 Mondelēz powers up its CDM portfolio with stunning results Mars’ portfolio sees mixed results as Galaxy takes a knock but Maltesers powers ahea About Us Marketresearchreports.biz is the most comprehensive collection of market research reports. Marketresearchreports.biz services are especially designed to save time and money of our clients. We are a one stop solution for all your research needs, our main offerings are syndicated research reports, custom research, subscription access and consulting services. We serve all sizes and types of companies spanning across various industries. Contact M/s Sheela 90 Sate Street, Suite 700 Albany, NY 12207 Tel: +1-518-618-1030 USA – Canada Toll Free: +1-866-997-4948 Email: sales@marketresearchreports.biz Site: http://www.marketresearchreports.biz/

How to Empower Employees Essay

In today’s marketplace it is more important than ever to implement employee empowerment policies in order to keep a competitive advantage. An empowered employee feels in control of their position, as well as a valued member of their organization. These employees have a sense of job enrichment which creates a more productive work environment for them, as well as their coworkers. Employee empowerment is a way to allot power in the company while raising productivity and creating job fulfillment in the organization. This helps to offer some valuable advantages to the organization and lowers the employee turnover rate (Korkmaz, 2012). There are many different ways a company can increase employee empowerment. A few important examples are by allowing for a large degree of autonomy, creating jobs with significance and areas for future advancement, giving and receiving employee feedback, and having a competitive benefit and compensation program for employees. These enrichment techniques will help to improve productivity, create higher employee morale, relieve some of the pressure on management, and help to recruit high-skilled individuals for employment (Gerhart, Hollenbeck, Noe, 2011). The most important technique with regards to employee enrichment is Autonomy, which is adding more freedom in the decision making ability an employee holds. This is a great way to empower an employee. Two examples of this would be giving an employee the ability to decide the best process for creating a project, rather than instructing them on definite steps to take. One may also receive the authority to handle customer complaints. These critical thinking practices will make an employee much more involved in their position, while helping to relieve management of the constant supervision of less important tasks (Hardrà © & Reeve, 2009). Another effective method would be creating a position which conveys a sense of importance, as well as having the possibility for promotion. This is a great way to create a long lasting relationship with an employee, while also encouraging them to strive for future advancement. Stressing the importance of the job at hand will motivate the employee, while giving them a greater sense of pride in the position they hold. This could be demonstrated by getting the employee involved in the bigger picture of what a company is trying to accomplish (Gerhart et al, 2011). Another technique with regards to employee enrichment is giving and receiving employee feedback. This action helps to motivate the employee by constructing positive reinforcement on the favorable aspects of their performance. This aids in guiding the employee with direct future expectations and goals, while also verbally rewarding them for their positive characteristics. This is a very motivating, yet cost effective technique that will benefit both the employee and the company. By also allowing the employee to give feedback regarding management and production, the employee gains a feeling that their opinion is meaningful and beneficial to the operations of the company(Harms & Roebuck, 2010). The last example for creating employee empowerment is to have a competitive benefit plan for employees. Along with some of the benefits included in a standard plan, some examples of benefits that empower employees could include letting an employee create their own schedule, giving extra time off for meeting certain requirements, and the ability to choose certain assignments over others. Other ways to empower employees through benefits would be to allow each member to pick and choose what benefits are right for them based on their specific lifestyles. (Gerhart et al, 2011). Empowering employees is an important aspect for any company. There are many enrichment techniques that can be implemented to improve productivity, raise employee morale, and recruit high skilled employees for future success. By applying these techniques, management gives their company the competitive advantage over the rest, while creating long lasting relationships with their employees. References Gerhart, B., Hollenbeck, J., Noe, R., Wright, P. (2011). Analyzing Work and Designing Jobs. Fundamentals of Human Resource Management, 95-116, 390-404. Hardrà ©, P. L., & Reeve, J. (2009). Training corporate managers to adopt a more autonomy-supportive motivating style toward employees: an intervention study. International Journal Of Training & Development, 13(3), 165-184. Harms, P. L., & Roebuck, D. (2010). Teaching the Art and Craft of Giving and Receiving Feedback. Business Communication Quarterly, 73(4), 413-431. Korkmaz, O. (2012). Differences in Employees’ Perception of Employee Empowerment Practices. European Journal Of Social Science, 34(1), 43-57.

Animals in our life

Animals play an extremely important part in the lives of humans. We may not realize how much impact animals have on our lives. They have played various roles; that of a friend, companion, protector, comforter, and more. Addressing people who are not animal lovers, I would say it is very difficult to explain what joy an animal can bring to ones life. Pets impact human lives on a face-to-face basis by being our companions, whether its a cat or a dog. Nothing is more comforting than having a dog greet you at the door, or a cat curl up in your lap. Pets help us in our daily life in terms of giving us the emotional support and ,personally, I find it most important. Also having a pet is a great way to teach a child caretaking skills. A pet must be fed and watered daily, on some days given a bath, and trained. In order to help children get used to the responsibilities involved in looking after a real pet, some parents buy them virtual pets. But if you ask me, this kind of toys is useless. If we talk about pets, we should clear up what is it to be a pet owner. Nowadays we are used to meet eccentric owners on the streets or in public places. Its their choice and right to celebrate their pets birthday with a party, or to talk to their pets on the phone, or even to permit their pets to enjoy the leftovers from the owner meal in a restaurant. But lets face the fact that some people are really animal crackers. I may be wrong, but keeping unusual pets or large amount of pets in little flat is absolutely insane action. Tigers, panthers and lions are ferocious, wild animals. They are not suited for domestic life and should never be kept as pets. Also if a large dog is not obedient to its owner, then it is a potential danger too. If youre going to take on a pup, you should respect other people and their privacy, think about the size of your apartment and about your free time, would it be enough for your pet?! Pet animals are often used for rehabilitation. Certain dogs, with special certification, are allowed to visit the residents in nursing homes. A recent survey has shown that animals enhance the lives of others. The sick and the elderly look forward to spending time with animals. Just petting an animal can have a calming effect. Animals have helped throughout history by working for humans. Many farmers use animals for their livelihood. Farmers raise cattle, lamb, sheep, goats and other animals simply to make a living. Many of these animals are used for meat or for milk. Dogs too can work on a farm helping the farmer with the sheep or cattle. Animals raised on farms are often our food and fur sources. Animals save our lives in many ways. For example, they guard our properties and perform heroic feats. Dogs are very smart and can be taught to do almost anything. Whether that is to find drugs, find a missing person or even find a bomb, they are amazing animals. People trained animals for handicapped individuals. Guide dogs for the blind people cant replace their eyes, but they can be an enormous help in making day-to-day life much easier and happier. Guide dogs assist their owners in their daily activities, from carrying large objects to directing a blind person through traffic. Furthermore, animals give their lives for the advancement of science. Lab rats are poked, prodded, injected with chemical substances and operated upon, all so that we may find new cures for the many diseases that threaten our quality of life. Animals affect everyones life, whether youre an animal-lover, animal-hater, animal-eater or animal-saver. Whether animals are house pets, working animals or used for experimentation they are very important to us and we need them as much as they need us.

SUPERIOR STRATEGY EXECUTION Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

SUPERIOR STRATEGY EXECUTION - Assignment Example The recruitment will assure that you get the right talent for the job and experience. During the broadcast of the program ask people to apply for the job. Most applicants will be fans of the program who know of its history and feel they need to be more involved in the program. This will ensure that one gets the correct talent that he is looking to add to the team. The best way is to look for potential employees on electronic blog site. Then post the opening at the site. The members of the blog will get automatic emails informing them of the available vacancy. The applicants will be qualified and have a good knowledge of the electronics being sold. The best ways to recruit a Dj is to wlcome djs for auditions in the club. The announcement of the audition should be broadcasted in all radio stations and posted on the clubs face book page. This reduces costs of a recruitment agency and gives the chance to get the best dj by judging the clubs audience to the Dj songs. Since the club business is competitive this recruitment will give produce the best Dj for the customers. The job requires someone who understands the stars well and the best way is to post the vacancy at the stars social media pages. The applicants will be those who are familiar with the stars and have the stars interest at heart. The way they dress to the interview will also determine who is the best for the job. The best way is to post the Ad in a platform that hosts IT specialist guys without displaying that the employer. Many people at the forum will apply for the position and through the interview process the most qualified candidate will be chosen. The best way is to use referral from employees to advertise for the position. This will save costs. A reward of cash is awarded for each referral given. This will encourage the employees to give more referrals. The best way is to post the advert on movie discussion forum. This will reach only

Choose best topic for that Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Choose best topic for that - Essay Example To analyze our results, the supplier that has more positives than negatives will be the supplier that we will choose to supply our athletic shoes. From all of the options available, we found that Supplier 3 is the best option for us in terms of price and quality. Our company is introducing a new product to the market and thus need to figure out how to procure and then sell these products at a significant enough profit margin. We used four different criteria on which to base our decision to buy the shoes from a supplier. Price is the number one factor followed by quality. These factors will all be calculated using different methods of comparison. Price will be calculated from the quotes from each of the suppliers. Durability will be tested in our laboratories. Appearance will be derived from surveys that are given out to focus groups. Lastly, convenience will be judged based on the transportation costs involved with shipping the shoes from our supplier to our warehouse. We made our criteria for price that each pair of shoes would cost $100 or less. Suppliers 1 and 3 both filled this criterion; however, supplier 2 and 4 cost more than this figure. In terms of waterproof durability, we decided to judge whether each pair of shoes was waterproof or not. Supplier 1 and 4 provided athletic shoes that were not waterproof; supplier 2 and 3 did have shoes that were waterproof. For appearance, we made use of specific focus groups that could give us feedback about the stylistic feel of each of the shoes. Supplier 1, 2, and 4 each had shoes that looked fashionable and were comfortable to wear. However, Supplier 3 did not have stylish athletic shoes at all. Finally, for convenience, we decided to judge how far each supplier was located away from our warehouse. Ideally, a supplier should be located less than 100 miles away. Supplier 2 and 4 were both closer than this distance. On the other hand, supplier 1 and 3 were greater than this

Stratgic managment task1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Stratgic managment task1 - Essay Example Based on a complete analysis of the company, the future direction mission and vision will be drawn out along with a strategic objectives and key strategies for the next three years. Overview of Company: Tiger Airways Australia has been developed to be an ultra – low cost airline. The company was started in 2007 and is a subsidiary of Singapore Airlines. The main office of the company is located at Melbourne and the secondary base of the company is at Adelaide Airport. The main competitors of the company include some well known airlines like JetStar, Virgin Blue, Qantas etc. The table below provides a clear view of the competition of the company. Airline Competitiveness Jetstar Airways Biggest and direct competition Virgin Blue Very High levels of competition Qantas Airways Very High levels of competition Singapore Airlines High levels of competition SilkAir Medium levels of competition AirAsia Medium levels of competition Philippine Airlines Low Levels of competition Malaysia Airlines Low Levels of competition Cathay Pacific Airways Low Levels of competition (Which Airline) The high levels of competition has led the company to share routes as well as destination with other competitors. The table below provides detailed understanding of the same. ... of the routes are shared (12 Routes) Almost 26% of the destinations are shared (25 Destinations) Philippine Airlines Almost 7% of the routes are shared (7 Routes) Malaysia Airlines Almost 6% of the routes are shared (6 Routes) Company Market Details: Tiger Airline has been in the industry for a relatively shorter period and the company has yet to build its brand name and image in the markets. However Tiger Airlines has been able to effectively develop a number of routs for itself. The company is strictly a point to point travel airline and hence the company does not provide range of services like baggage to other flights, or transfer of passengers (Joshua). However the company has been able to effectively reach out to a strong market in the past years. The diagram below provides a clear view of the route of the company. (Airline Route Maps) Tiger Airways Fleet Total Singapore 10 Australia 9 Total 19 (Tiger Airways) It is clear that Tiger has been able to effectively launch itself int o several routes. The next section will provide an overview of the company’s internal and external analysis. Here SWOT analysis and PEST analysis has been chosen for the company. SWOT Analysis: Strengths Ultra Low Cost airlines Wide range of routes available Excellent coverage of the South East Asian countries and Australia Weaknesses Too focused on the low costs Lack of proper service in terms of the services included in the price Incomplete or inaccurate processes Opportunities Recessionary period is an opportunity for the company to make the best of the travel of people Higher availability of technology Improved ecommerce website Threats Increasing number of negative reviews from customers Increasing facilities by other low cost airlines Increase or fluctuation in terms of the fuel

Applying the Background and Methodology of the Research Process to Essay

Applying the Background and Methodology of the Research Process to Problems in Health Care - Essay Example To increase the provision and access to these primary needs, it is important for the federal government to deploy more health and clinical providers to such areas. One of the major concerns that have drawn controversy is the provision of reproductive health services particularly for the teens. The role of teenagers in the determination of their reproductive choices and the influence of the parents in such health choices has been the main source of controversy. This calls for provision of specialized medical services by physicians to ensure that the teens make right choices regarding their reproductive health. This study therefore focused on establishing the relationship between elective pregnancy termination among teens and the population density (Robert, 2004). This study is important to the healthcare sector given the risks that are associated with pregnancy termination. Hypothesis in research refers to tentative explanation about a given phenomenon that tries to establish the existence of a relationship between test variables. It is used in research to predict or test the expected outcome. The hypotheses for this study include; Dependent variables are those variables or values whose outcomes are measured by the independent variables. Independent variables on the other hand are those variables that are manipulated or varied by the researcher. In this study, the percentage of electively terminated pregnancy represents the dependent variable while population density represents the independent variable (Robert, 2004). This is the theoretical perspective of the study that simply defines the theories and the variables that will be investigated in the study. Theoretically, the study established that, access to reproductive health services was relatively low in low population density areas hence, few cases of electively terminated pregnancies in teens. Literature review plays an important role in research since they act as secondary source of the

U02a1 Topic Selection Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

U02a1 Topic Selection - Research Paper Example The dependent variable is the experienced domestic violence with the drug users as victims or perpetrators of the reported violence. The proposed research aims at ascertaining an assumption of a relationship between drug abuse and domestic violence and the extent to which consumption of the substances contribute to the violence. The research title will be ‘Ascertaining existence of a relationship between drug abuse and domestic violence’. ‘Factors affecting the relationship between cognitive development among children and their social environment’ is another research topic, in sociology, that I can explore through qualitative research. I can research on the topic with children’s social environments as the independent variable and their level of cognitive development as the dependent variable. The research title will be ‘Social and economic factors affecting children’s cognitive development’. Hartas, D. (2010). Families’ Social Background Matters: Socioeconomic Factors, Home Learning and Young Children’s Language, Literacy and Social Outcomes. University of Warwick. retrieved from: http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/3406/1/WRAP_Hartas_BERJ_paper_2010_%282%29.pdf. The article aimed at investigating the relationship between children’s learning in their domestic environments and social and economic condition of the children’s parents to determine effects of the conditions on the children’s learning potential, social, and emotional stability. With data from a sample, the article’s findings establishes that parents participate in their children’s learning processes at home and the parents’ social and economic potentials influence their children’s development. The factors however have more significant effects on the children’s literacy development than on their social and emotional potentials. The article sought to establish the relationship between drug abuse, involvement in violence and suicide. It identifies suicide and violence as

Business law Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Business law - Case Study Example He did not go to them to cause him injury and pain. If these three people had been more vigilant, they would have realized the impact of the adhesive they would on his body. The surgeon was particularly negligent when he had the realization that the insulating layer would cause harm but did nothing about it. Karl must therefore ask the three people through his claim to account for their stewardship and the pain they caused to him. Claim of employing the wrong people can also be laid against the hospital. This is because the hospital is the employing agency for the three people who put Karl’s life at risk. If the hospital officials who were in charge of recruitment and placement had been proactive in their duty, they would have known the kind of practitioners the three persons are. Claim could therefore be made for the refund of Karl’s money and any extra amount to cater for the pain he is presently going through and the pain he is likely to suffer in the future. On the part of the manufacturers, Karl can contend that the company leaving out an insulating layer from the pad. This act amounts to negligence of duty on the part of the manufacturers. The applicable defenses can work for the surgeon, nurse and anesthesiologist is that they needed to rely on the ECR to get the surgery completed and that the major cause of the injury was the absence of the insulating layer and not necessarily the adhesive

Slave ownership in America Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Slave ownership in America - Essay Example They were degraded, kept like animals and had no civil rights. They were for decades, invisible in the human society. However, slowly as advancements were made, as agriculture took and backseat to science and people began to see beyond economics, things changed. Blacks and white people began to realize that slavery was wrong. They realized that enslaving a whole race of people was simply unacceptable. Over time, more and more slaves began to get an education. They began to read and understand that their lives had value. Individual people changed the course of a nation as they taught others that racism was something to be scorned. The battle was slow, it took decades to win but steadily they did win. As literacy spread, as knowledge and understanding of the value of a human life was established, abolition became possible, and acceptable. Analysis: Initially, blacks came to the shores of American as missionaries caught them in African and took them into bondage. This first set of slaves was perhaps the most terrified. They had come to a strange land, brought by strange men who considered them savages. They forced them to give up their religion, their culture and their social behavior and made them into a slave. The brutality they endured broke their spirit and any rebellion on their part meant sure death. Since they were considered savages their lives were worthless. Once the culture of slavery was established the economic advantage the country gained allowed the culture to continue. It was forgotten that the original slaves were brought to be 'saved' by the greater god. The fact was they were a cheap form of labor that allowed their masters to control them without any rules or regulations. Overtime slavery became an institution so that children born into it knew no other life and did not realize that they could have something more than the brutal life they lived. That was the tragedy of slavery. Human life is sacred mainly because it is an intelligent form of life. Yet, this race of people was completely cut off from getting an education, from being allowed to realize that they were even human. The critical analysis of African American literature is the key to understanding slavery. For it is hard to believe how the blacks allowed themselves to be slaves for so long. Reading the Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave we realize how a whole race was subjugated for so long. From the first line of the book we realize that slave owners thought of slaves as animals. They were treated like animals and so, came to believe that they were less than human. Slaves were so confined to their individual plantations that they did not know another world existed outside it. Douglass writes of himself as a boy who did not know how old he was. That was nothing unusual for slave he wrote "know as little of their ages as horses know of theirs" (p. 47). This goes to prove the mindset of slaves; they considered themselves comparable to animals. Slave owners tried hard to ensure that no slave became literate. They realized that the only way to control the blacks was making them completely dependent on them. They made sure slaves were born and stayed that way. Every slave owner knew that once a slave learnt to read and write he would be able to think about and critically evaluate his situation and that would lead to the abolition of slavery. In the words of Mr. Auld, his master, "If you give a nigger an

Modern Irony Essay Example for Free

Modern Irony Essay Since the beginning of time, man has attempted to unravel the seemingly infinite mysteries of life. The English playwright Tom Stoppard has written plays that address the existence of fate (or a predestined outcome for every human being) and controlling ones own destiny. His plays also deal with the many other uncertainties that arise during a normal persons life; such as sex, how we know things, etc. (Tom Stoppard) Stoppards utilization of satire and drawn parallels mirror the image of lifes faults and intricacies. His plays serve to show people the humor and irony that life presents. During the time that Stoppard wrote his first play, Rosencrantz and Guildenstein, society was experiencing a social upheaval. The late sixties was a time of experimentation and existentialism. People were asking questions about their very existence in a way never before seen. In this climate, Stoppard saw the opportunity to begin writing plays that dealt with the issues of the time (Overview of Tom Stoppard). He took a whimsical spin though, on the method in which he delivered it. He embarked on the continuing journey of a great literary tradition, but diverged from its path by ridiculing it. His desire to write plays was not a spontaneous venture; during this era, many people wanted to express their thoughts and feelings, and plays were a common medium. Stoppard observed this and pondered if success and knowledge could be his as well. The general question being asked around this time was Why are we here? Man has always sought an answer to this question, but now more than ever was it expressed in literature and plays. Stoppards craft shows a propensity for humor, which offers a more light-hearted viewpoint of this previously serious and mundane subject. Stoppard asks the question of not only Why are we here? but also How are we here? as well. He explores the intricacies of life in an attempt to derive a meaning. His comical touch alleviates the heavy association of philosophy though. Whether or not his question is answered is secondary to the method in which we view it. In Stoppards eyes, it is more important to live rather than to comprehend why we live. This approach brought fanfare to Stoppard, as society saw his style as fresh; and a tangible device to which they could relate. Literary history has had a heavy impact on Stoppards method and conceptual presentation. He admits to being swooned by such masterpieces as Waiting for Godot by Samuel Beckett, and The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufock by T. S. Elliot. The ideas that he extracted from these artists and their works helped him divulge his own style to which he could further literature. A parallel may be drawn between Waiting for Godot and Stoppards Rosencrantz and Guildenstein are Dead. Both works feature two men, and their journey in existentialism. Becketts version has them waiting for a surreal character (Godot) that, in the end, never appears. The characters are portrayed as confused, and the play takes on an air of severe depression. The play is very much an appeal to the audience, as they too are overcome by this depression. The characters slowly fade away, emotionless and unexcitable. Stoppards version though has his characters embark on a journey; a fruitless journey, but a goal to meet none the less. Beckett disarms his audience, while Stoppard embraces them into his play; making the audience feel at home and comfortable. Stoppard diffuses the rather heavy atmosphere belied by Beckett with satire and a whimsical wit. For example, In Rosencrantz and Guildenstein are Dead, Stoppard portrays the idea of death as a game. He does this in an attempt to show the audience that it is not to be feared. He achieves this by his satirical depiction of the internal play within Hamlet by Shakespeare. The characters in the play perish, and then the actual characters die in the exact same manner. The audience can identify with death, as all humans are concerned with their own demise. They take away though, a much less serious approach in viewing it. The other author, Elliot, often depicted his characters as stumbling and indecisive. One of his most famous works, The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock, deals with a man who is enamored with the variables and uncertainties of approaching a woman that he admires. In the poem, Prufrock realizes that only he cares about his decision, and whether he chooses to pursue her or not, will not matter. He sees himself as part of his own world; in which he is the sole occupant. He, sadly, is only coherent enough in his world though to realize how much he is potentially missing by not being completely immersed in it. He cannot solve this problem though, and continues wandering and pondering till the end of time. Stoppard took away from Elliot a similar stance to character development. He portrays his characters as aware, but not completely in tune with their surroundings. The effect is one of dismay, but comical as well. Stoppards portrayal is more humorous in nature, displaying them as bungling and unresponsive. This is exemplified in his play, Rosencrantz and Guildenstein are Dead. His characters attempt to divulge the plan and their purpose as designated by the King (Claudius), but are unable to fully grasp its meaning. These literary greats do not contribute the fabulous humor that Stoppard has developed though. His humorous elements can best be equated to his passion for the Theatre of the Absurd. This type of theater came into popularity during the 1950s and 1960s; and was applied to plays that portrayed the human situation without purpose and with absurd plot elements. This form was a reemergence of an attempt towards awareness of mans purpose in life; the sense of wonder that man has always had concerning how things work and why. In some respect, it was anti-theater, as it went against the basic premise of regular theater. It was illogical and usually had very little or no plot (Culik). Stoppards fascination with this art form had a profound impact on his own personal style. Sigmund Freud, a proponent of the Absurd, said, In trying to burst the bounds of logic and language, the absurd theater is trying to shatter the enclosing walls of the human condition itself. (Culik) This confirms the spatial concepts that the theater was attempting to portray, and Stoppards comedic element is based upon this illogical and removed nature. The play Rosencrantz and Guildenstein are Dead is a satirical look upon the much more staunch play Hamlet. It delves into the lives of two supporting characters named Rosencrantz and Guildenstein. The characters unimportance is exemplified in the play by their lack of understanding and baffling thought patterns. This play shows Stoppards portrayal of artificiality of theater. The performance is not about the actual play, but the context of the play; the idea of attending the performance. The characters appeal directly to the audience, instead of becoming immersed in its story and plot. The effect is comical, as the play begins with them merely spinning coins and making bizarre implications towards the audience. Rosencrantz has spun the coin and received heads nearly 85 times. His humorous portrayal of the law of averages is his justification for his luck. This is the plays first look into why things happen. The characters are unable to come to a proper conclusion though; and the path that Rosencrantz begins upon (the law of averages) cannot be farther removed from the truth. The play continues with these hilarious situations, finally having the pair receive their mission from Claudius the King. The pair ponders why they have received the mission, and why they must complete it. Stoppard constantly asserts that a play is being read. ; instead of allowing the reader to delve into a story. He makes the reader think of Hamlet, and its tragic implications; and applies a humorous tone to it. In the end of the play, Rosencrantz and Guildenstein are supposedly murdered (the English king is instructed to execute them, but their actual deaths are not witnessed), but instead of a grand exit, they merely fade away. Stoppard shows through this that the characters had served only a menial and insignificant purpose. The reader is unable to sympathize with the characters demise, as the play is portrayed with a comical tone. This disservice to death with satire is both eye widening and thought provoking. A person is assaulted with the moral implications of death, instead of offering a deaf sympathy to the characters grief. Stoppards ability to allow the playgoers to analyze what they feel is his greatest achievement in the work; not the story itself. Stoppards play Arcadia is another intelligent play that provokes the reader to appraise mans life long debacles. In the play, the characters attempt to grasp the mysteries of sex, and a path towards knowledge that leads to an understanding of the future. The latter is portrayed as an equation developed by Thomasina, in an attempt to control her own destiny. Her professor, Septimus, also contributes to the equation by way of a lesson to his student, Thomasina. He explains to her that the loss of knowledge isnt the end of the world; as it is rediscovered eventually in the future. This subject is an explanation of humanitys technological progression and our knowledge. The play attempts to allow the reader to grasp the many unknown or misunderstood concepts in life. Mysteries such as sex can only be acquired through practice and progression of time. Stoppard appeals to the general public that things cannot be instantly understood; they must be studied and experimented with to fully grasp the full meaning. These mysteries will eventually be solved, but it shall take time and patience; nothing is instantaneous in life. Stoppards inclusion of Thomasinas equation is both humorous and practical in its implication. Thomasinas goal was to create an equation that could more or less tell the future. It is humorous to surmise that a simple equation can predict the future with numbers. The limitless variables and uncertainties in life will forever impede such an advancement. Stoppard attempts to explain that life itself is intangible; it can neither be predicted nor reduced to a simple equation. Stoppards plays contain many useful outlooks on how a person should view their life on earth. People are always concerned with the future and their own death (and when it will occur). Stoppard believes that man shouldnt view life with such a critical eye; and instead should accept certain facts to be true. Man is powerless concerning the ability to control life. There are many uncertainties in life that are both humorous and infinitely escapable to the human mind. His plays show inept characters driven into the ground by their consumption of the study of life. Stoppard suggests through his characters comical adventures that life is for living, and the consequence of a life spent longing and pondering equates to a life disenfranchised of pulp and meaning. The meaning which man longs for cannot be quantified; it must be experienced to break the surface of significance. Works Cited Stoppard, Tom. Arcadia. Stoppard, Tom. Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead. Tom Stoppard. DISCovering Biography. Online Edition. Gale, 2003. Student Resource Center. Thomson Gale. 17 January 2005Â  http://galenet.galegroup.com/servlet/SRC

Optical Properties of Zinc Oxide Thin Films Using Two Dopant

Optical Properties of Zinc Oxide Thin Films Using Two Dopant G T Yusuf, MA Raimi, O.E Alaje  and AK Kazeem Abstract The undoped ZnO, Al doped ZnO and Mg doped ZnO films were deposited by a sol-gel spin coating method onto the glass substrates. 0.3M solution of zinc acetate dehydrates diluted in methanol and deionized water (3:1) was prepared. Equal quantity of Aluminum chloride and tin chloride were added to each solution to serve as dopants. The effect of Aluminum and Magnesium doping on the optical ZnO films was studied. The transparency properties of all thin films are more than 80 % at a visible wavelength of (300-800 nm). The optical band gap of pure ZnO thin film is 3.12ev while the band gap for Al-doped ZnO and Mg-doped films are 3.16eV and 3.26eV respectively. All film parameters changed with dopant types. The variation of optical band gap with doping is well described by Burstein–Moss effect. Keywords: Band gap; Doping; Films; Transmittance. Introduction In this Zinc oxide is an II-VI n-type semiconductor with band gap of approximately 3.3 eV at room temperature and a hexagonal wurtzite structure [1]. Recently, doped zinc oxide thin films have been widely studied for their application as conducting electrode materials in flat-panel displays or solar devices. Unlike the more commonly used indium tin oxide (ITO), zinc oxide is a non-toxic and inexpensive material [1]. Furthermore, pure zinc oxide films are highly transparent in the visible range (light wavelength of 400-700 nm) and have high electrical conductivity. However, non-stoichiometric or impurity (Group III elements or Group IV elements) doped zinc oxide films have electrical conductivities as well as high optical transparent. Non-stoichiometric zinc oxide films have unstable electrical properties at high temperature because the sheet resistance of ZnO thin films increases under either oxygen chemisorptions and desorption [9] or heat treatment in vacuum or in ambient oxygen pressure at 3000C-4000C [27]. Turning to impurity doped ZnO thin films, unlike non-stoichiometric ZnO thin films, impurity doped ZnO thin films possess stable electrical and optical properties. Among the zinc oxide films doped with group II elements such as barium, aluminum, gallium and indium, aluminum-doped zinc oxide (AZO) thin films show the lowest electrical resistivity [11]. Aluminum-doped zinc oxide (AZO) has a low resistivity of 2.4Ãâ€"10-4 ÃŽ © cm [11-13], which is quite similar to that of ITO films, which is about 1.2Ãâ€"10-4 ÃŽ © cm [14-16] and AZO also shows good optical transmission in the visible and near infrared (IR) regions. Thus, AZO films have been used as transparent conducting electrodes in solar cells [16, 8]. In addition to doping with Group III elements, doping ZnO with Group IV elements such as [9, 10] Ge, Sn, Ti, Si is also a good way to obtain low resistivity transparent materials in order to replace ITO because Ge, Ti, Zr could substitute on the Zn atom site. For example, Sn can serve as a doubly ionized donor with the incorporation of SnO2 as a solute in ZnO and, consequently, provide a high electron carrier concentration. It is, therefore, expected that the Sn doped ZnO (SZO) will have a higher electrical conductivity and better field emission properties compared with undoped ZnO [10]. A variety of techniques such as DC or RF magnetron sputtering [2], electron beam evaporation [19,20], pulsed laser deposition [21], spray pyrolysis [22,23], chemical vapor deposition [24] and sol–gel processing [25–34,5] have successfully been developed to prepare zinc oxide thin films. Among them, the sol–gel spin coating method is simpler and cost effective. Traditionally, AZO films prepared by this method follow the non-alkoxide route, using metal salts such as acetates, nitrates or chlorides as precursor and dopant, respectively. In addition, organic solvent, such as methanol [20,21], ethanol [16], isopropanol [14], methoxyethanol [11], ethyl glycol and glycerol [10] are widely employed by introducing monoethanolamine (MEA), diethanolamine (DEA) or tetramethyl ammonium hydroxide (TMAH) as stabilizer [10,11,30]. Recently, few studies had reported on the growth of the ZnO thin films with different dopants using sol gel spin coating technique. Therefore, the aim of this research works however is to study the optical and electrical properties of zinc oxide thin films using different dopants with locally fabricated sol gel spin coating technique. Experimental The films have been deposited onto the glass substrates at 400  °C substrate temperature. 0.3M solution of zinc acetate dehydrates diluted in methanol and deionized water (3:1) were prepared and divided into three portions. Aluminum chloride and tin chloride were added to each solution as dopants. A few drops of acetic acid were added to improve the clarity of solution. The concentration of dopants (aluminum chloride AlCl3 ·6H2O, magnesium nitrate hexahydrate [Mg (NO3)2.6H2O and was 3% and kept constant for all experiments. The starting solutions were mixed thoroughly with magnetic stirrer and filtered by WHATMAN filter paper. The solutions were then spin coated on glass substrates which have been procleaned with detergent and then in methanol and acetone for 10min each using ELA 110277248E/2510E-MT ultrasonic cleaner and then cleaned with de ionized water and heated on hot plate for 600C. The coating solutions were dropped onto the glass substrate which was rotated at 4000rpm 45 each by using Ws- 400 Bz – 6NPP/AS spin coater. After depositing by spin coating, the films were then dried at 3000C for 15minutes in a furnace to evapourate the solvent and remove organic residuals. The optical and electrical properties of the films at each time were investigated. The films were then inserted into a tube furnace and annealed in air at 7500C for 1 hour each. The optical transmission and reflectance of the films were examined by spectrophotometer ranging from 400 to 1000nm. The transmittance T and reflectance R data was used to calculate absorption coefficients of the AZO films at different wavelengths. The relationship between transmittance T, reflectance R, absorption coefficient, ÃŽ ±, and thickness d of the film is given by equation (1). (1) The absorption coefficient data was used to determine energy band gap, Eg , using equation (2). (2) Where is the photon energy, A is a constant thus, a plot of against is a curve line whose intercept on the energy axis gives the energy gap. The band energy gap of the film was then determined by extrapolating the linear regions on the energy axis. The absorption coefficient,, associated with the strong absorption region of the film was calculated from absorbance A and the film thickness, t, using (3). (3) The extinction coefficient, k, was evaluated from (4) (4) Where the wavelength of the incident radiation and, t is, is the thickness of the film. The crystal phase of the films was determined by X-ray diffraction (XRD). The refractive index of the films was determined from the maxima and minima of the reflectance curve. (5) Where n is the refractive index, d is the film thickness (nm), is the wavelength (nm) of the incident light, and k is the interference order (an odd integer for maxima and even integer for minima). Results The crystal structure of ZnO films was investigated through X-ray diffraction (XRD). The X-ray diffraction spectrum of ZnO, Al-ZnO and Mg-ZnO film annealed at 7500C with prominent reflection planes is shown in figure 1.The peaks in the XRD spectrum correspond to those of the ZnO patterns from the JCPDS data (Powder Diffraction File, Card no: 36-1451) having hexagonal wurtzite structure with lattice constants a=3.24982Ã…, c=5.20661Ã….The presence of prominent peaks shows that the film is polycrystalline in nature. The lattice constants ‘a’ and ‘c’ of the Wurtzite structure of the films were calculated using the relations (6) and (7). a= √à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬Å".ÃŽ »/sin ÃŽ ¸(6) c= ÃŽ »/sin ÃŽ ¸(7) Figure 2 shows the optical transmittance spectra of ZnO, Al-ZnO and Mg-ZnO thin films in the wavelength range between 300 to 800 nm. The transparency properties of all thin films are more than 80 % at a visible wavelength of (300-800 nm). It is observed that the transmittance varies with dopant types i.e. aluminum and magnesium. The overall spectra shows an emission band with two obvious peaks, where the first peak, the UV peak which also called the emission or near band edge emission contributed to the free exciton recombination [18]. The second broad peak, also known as the green emission corresponds to the recombination of a photon generated hole with an electron in singly ionized [18]. Figure 1: X-ray diffraction patterns for ZnO thin film for aluminum and magnesium dopants The optical absorbance spectrum measured within the wavelength range of 300–800 nm using a Shimadzu Spectrophotometer is shown in figure 3. Figure 2: Optical Transmittance of the films for aluminum and magnesium dopants Approximately, the band gap alteration of the thin film can be deduced from Figure 3. Here, it evidently shows that changes in the absorption edges are in parallel with types of dopant in the thin film. In order to appropriately estimate the optical band gap equation (2) was used. The presence of a single slope in the plot suggests that the films have direct and allowed transition. It is also well known that ZnO is a direct band-gap material [1] and the energy gap (Eg) can thus be estimated by assuming direct transition between conduction band and valance bands. Theory of optical absorption gives the relationship between the absorption coefficients ÃŽ ± and the photon energy hÃŽ ½ for direct allowed transition as shown in (2) The direct band gap determined using this equation when linear portion of the (ÃŽ ±hÃŽ ½)2 against hÃŽ ½ plot is extrapolated to intersect the energy axis at ÃŽ ± = 0. Plot of (ÃŽ ±hÃŽ ½)2 against hÃŽ ½ for undoped, Al-doped ZnO and Mg-doped films are shown in f igure 3. The optical band of pure ZnO is 3.12ev while the band gap for Al-doped ZnO and Mg-doped films are 3.16eV and 3.26eV respectively. The variation of optical band gap with doping is well described by Burstein–Moss effect [2-5]. For AZO films, compared to pure ZnO films, the contribution from Al3+ ions on substitution sites of Zn2+ ions and Al interstitial atoms determines the widening of the band gap caused by increase in carrier concentration. This is the well-known Burstein–Moss effect and is due to the Fermi level moving into the conduction band. Since doping increases the carrier concentration in the conduction band, the optical band-gap energy increases [2]. Enhancement of band gap thus also ensures that doping was successfully carried out in the ZnO thin films. It is further observed in our present work that an increase in band gap occurs in Mg- doped film as compared with ZnO and Al-ZnO thin films. The absorption properties of the films in UV range are due to the behaviour of ZnO intrinsic optical band gap energy. An absorption coefficient in the UV region significantly varies with types of dopant used. The result suggests improvement in the optical absorption in the UV region with nature of dopant, which provides useful information especially in the optoelectronic devices and device fabrication. . Figure 3: Plot of (ÃŽ ±hÃŽ ½)2 vs. photon energy (in eV) for aluminum and magnesium as dopants Conclusions Transparent conducting thin films (ZnO, Al-ZnO and Mg-ZnO) have been deposited by sol–gel spin coating technique. The optical properties of these films were systematically investigated. X-ray diffraction analysis shows that The peaks in the XRD spectrum correspond to those of the ZnO, Al-ZnO and Mg-ZnO structural patterns is that of hexagonal wurtzite structure with lattice constants a=3.24982Ã…, c=5.20661Ã…. The optical transmittance spectra in the wavelength range between 300 to 800 nm shows that all thin films are more than 80 % at a visible wavelength of (300-800 nm). It is observed that the transmittance varies with dopant types i.e. aluminum and magnesium. 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