The Pain And Suffering Of The Voiceless People In Cinema Essay

The Pain And Suffering Of The Voiceless People In Cinema - Essay Example The necessity of resorting to non-verbal communication is indeed apparent in the film, for the obvious reason that the perceived victims in the film are voiceless and powerless. In the absence of words, what is left for them is body language, through dance accompanied by music. The definition of dance as a form of expression that uses bodily movements that are rhythmic, patterned, sometimes improvised, found in every culture and is performed for purposes ranging from the ceremonial, liturgical and magical to the theatrical, social and simply aesthetics (Britannica 2011), relatively connects with the film. The music that was devoid of words and the dances were quite entertaining in the film. The movements were expressive, which was demonstrative of the reflex response of the children when in danger, which is to either flee or let go to hide the fear. The choreography is in support of the desire of the captured children to immediately do something about the negative emotion bottled up inside their system, which they hope to free. The competition in the capital city of Kampala was again entertaining, the excitement can be likened to the much-talked-about worldwide show, â€Å"American Idol.† Through their participation in that competition, they were out to prove that they can be giants amidst the suffering in their real life. The value of the dance however in this film and the beats of the drums, set some limitation concerning the messages that are needed to be said in public, which at times, only words can do. Emotionally, in a personal context for the children, they were able to pretend that everything can be alright, but in general, the hope for help and call for rescue are quite elusive.

Native Americans in the United States and African American Cowboys Essay Example for Free

Native Americans in the United States and African American Cowboys Essay APUSH, DAY-2-2 TO WHOM AND TO WHAT EXTENT WAS THE AMERICAN WEST A LAND OF OPPORTUNITY 1865 1890 During the year of 1865 to 1890, the American’s west land was a land of economic development for Native American, white settlers from the east across the Mississippi farmers, miners, ranchers and as well as African American cowboys and immigrants for Irish and Chines, moving west for goal of economic achievement and their position for profit. First, the Native Americans people opened the way of exploitation of the west land naturel environment. The Dawes Act, which turned Indians into landowners and farmers and distributed 160 acres for farming, designed Indians as individual rather than a group of tribes. The railroad made their trip easier, which Pacific Railroad Act was passed in 186, law allowed construction of new transportation systems. The Act also provided grants of land and limited jobs for immigrants’ worker on railroad, especially Chines immigrants worked for a lower wage and discovered millions of gold and silvers. The immigrants worked for a wealthy white settler in the west. Moreover, the railroad opened faster access for transportation for castles, miners and all the peoples, who were making money. Including the Homestead Act was passed; its offered 160 acres of land for any settlers live on the land for five or more years with little registration fees. It helped poor people to achieve economic business and farmers who needed more land, were permitted to purchase of up to 160 acres of land for $2. 50. The farmers took advantage of Westland by doing international market, which mostly depended on railroads for shipment. Even farmers had difficulties of weather conditions, the produced the agricultural business by the Bonanza farm. The farmers were hopes to getting rich soon. Together with the African American cowboys and cattle industry turned into a new marker as well. Because of Indians on to new reservation and the railroad opportunities bring them easier transportation anywhere in urban markets; without the railroads the new business were take a time to make money . In brief, west land was a place of a new beginning for people who were moving for seeking life and opportunities and hoping to get rich. The wealthy white settlers made the most profit in Westland.

Statue of David: Donatello and Bernini Comparison

Statue of David: Donatello and Bernini Comparison The Biblical character of David has been the inspiration for many works of art throughout history. The young David, as Goliaths adversary, has been sculpted by such artists as Verrocchio, Donatello, Michelangelo, and Bernini. Although all of these sculptures are comparable in some aspects, the ones by Donatello and Bernini present significant differences. Donatello was an Italian sculptor of the Early Renaissance whose work is seen as a link from classic to modern art. He trained in Florence with Lorenzo Ghiberti and began working on his own in 1408. Donatello is considered one of the founders of modern sculpture because of he created realistic human expressions and stressed action and character. He is eminent for his use of perspectives, including physical distortions for dramatic effect, and was a master craftsman with a talent for innovation. Probably the most famous example of fifteenth-century sculpture is the bronze David by Donatello. Dates for the work vary from the 1430s to the 1460s. It is recorded as the centerpiece of the first courtyard in the Palazzo Medici during the wedding festivities of Lorenzo de Medici and Clarice Orsini in 1469. Some have argued that it was commissioned by Cosimo de Medici in the 1430s to be the centerpiece of the courtyard of the older Medici house on the Via Larga. Another great creator of the sculpture of David was Gian Lorenzo Bernini. Bernini was a sculptor, painter and architect and a shaping influence as an outstanding advocate of the Italian Baroque. He was an exceptional portrait artist and owes to his father his accomplished techniques in the handling of marble and also an impressive list of patrons that included the Borghese and the Barbarini families. Bernini originally worked in the Late Mannerist tradition but rejected the contrived tendencies of this style. By 1624 he had adopted an expression that was passionate and full of emotional and psychological energy. His figures are caught in a transient moment from a single viewpoint, bursting into the spectators space. Bernini created a life-size marble statue of David that was part of a commission to decorate the villa of Berninis patron Cardinal Scipione Borghese, the Galleria Borghese where it still resides. It was completed in the course of seven months from 1623 to 1624. One major variation between the statues of David is that Donatellos is very early Renaissance, he is going towards more realistic features, whereas, Bernini is working in a more baroque style, combing action and attentiveness, for instance in Davids face, to achieve a vitality in the work that is not seen in Donatellos David. Berninis David was created during the Baroque Period, a time of great liveliness when artists were captivated by movement and the activities of the human body. This sculpture implies action and captures David as he is actually throwing the stone at Goliath. Davids muscles are tense and contracted. His face is a grimace of concentration, somewhat contorted by the physical effort of his movements. His loosely flowing robe also adds to the idea of movement. Berninis sculpture of David was an innovative sculpture for its time, it represents the beginning of a new sculptural artistic. Another major distinction between Donatellos and Berninis sculpture is Berninis captures David during the fight with Goliath while Donatellos portrays David after the fight. Berninis David depicts movement in a way not previously attempted in stone. The biblical youth is taut and poised to shoot his projectile. The twisted torso, furrowed forehead, and granite grimace of Berninis David epitomize Baroque fixation with dynamic movement and emotion over High Renaissance inaction and classical severity. The sculpture communicates to an unseen entity, in the form of Goliath, the object of Davids aggression, as well as to the observer, caught in the middle of the conflict. The warrior even literally oversteps the boundaries between life and art, putting his toes over the edge of the plinth. Bernini captures the moment when he becomes a hero. In the work of Donatello, the sculpture is portraying the scene after David has cut off the head of Goliath. His foot is raised on the severed head in a stance of contropposto. His sword is in the right hand with the stone in the left. Donatello has softened the static balance and firm stance of the traditional male figure. This softening is evident in the placement of the two hands as well as the way Davids free leg gently rests on the head of Goliath. An additional differentiation between the sculptures is that Donatellos David is nude whereas Berninis is semi-clothed. Donatello made history when he created this masterpiece, which became the first free-standing bronze sculpture that was completely unsupported and in nude form in the Renaissance period. The art work caused much controversy due to the depiction of the nude male body. There are a few symbolic elements to this David. The style of the figure refers to antiquity for the balance and composition of the nude. Energy in the sculpture animates the emotions and is a new technique used in this David, once again showing qualities from antiquity. This energy is not used in Berninis David. Another differences between the sculptures is Bernini depict David as more of a man, while Donatello shows him as a young boy. Berninis David was an action man, determined by his great skill and his likewise great ego to create a new visual ideal, full of action and incredible determination and self-belief. His hero is full-grown and fully engaged both physically and psychologically, as he takes aim and twists his tensed, muscular body a split second before slinging the stone, grasped in his left hand. Although Donatello was inspired by Classical figures, he did not choose a Greek youth in his prime as a model for his David. Instead, he chooses a barely developed adolescent boy whose arms appeared weak due to the lack of muscles. After defeating Goliath, whose head lies at Davids feet, he rests his sword by his side, almost too heavy to handle. It seems almost impossible that a young boy like David could have accomplished such a task. David himself seems skeptical of his deed as he g lances down towards his body. Apparently, Davids intellect, faith and courage made up for his lack of build. The sculptures of the heroic David are significantly efficacious, Donatello shows David in a moment of thought and triumph, whereas Bernini shows David right in physical preparation for hurling the stone at his opponent. Donatellos sculpture is iconic. It could be said that practically anyone in the world could recognize it, and when asked to name a sculpture would name it. Berninis is less known, but that doesnt make it the lesser sculpture. Both men were achievers in the field of marble sculpture, the likes of which the art form may never see again, and both works can be considered masterpieces in their own right.

Ethanol as an Alternative Energy Source Essays -- Biofuel Bio Fuel Ess

Biofuels: Ethanol an Alternative Energy Source Abstract In today's society, when someone wants to go to the movies, work, school, library, or mall, they drive to their destination. The average amount of gasoline consumed per year is about 146 gallons in the U.S. (Biofuels for Transportation, p1). Discoveries of huge petroleum deposits kept gasoline cheap for decades and biofuels were forgotten (Leen, p1). However, with the recent oil prices, along with growing concern of global warming caused by carbon dioxide emissions, biofuel regained popularity (Leen, p1). Ethanol, a renewable fuel made from plants was added to gasoline to increase octane and help the engines burn more efficiently and cleanly (West,p1). Introduction Ethanol or ethyl alcohol (EtOH) is an alternative energy source which produces a fuel with higher octane rating and fewer emissions than unblended gas (West, p1). Some sources used to make ethanol are sugar canes, maize, sorghum, fruit and vegetable waste, barley, wheat, potatoes, molasses, cotton, or any other plant that contains a large amount of sugar. But the leading U.S fuel crop is corn. Corn byproducts allow more fuel to be made from the same amount of corn by breaking down the starches in its cell walls (Benefits, p3). The enzyme Tran 2 increases production of alcohol from corn by 2% to 3% (Benefits, p3). There are four steps toward making ethanol. First, the feedstock is ground for easier processing, then when the sugar is dissolved from the ground materials, the microbes feed on the sugar producing ethanol and carbon dioxide as byproducts (West, p2). Lastly, the ethanol is purified to achieve the correct concentration (West, p3). This grain alcohol is a colorless and flammable as well as drin... ...http://journey tofor ever.org/ethanol.html>. 2. Martinez, Scott. Ethanol. 12 Sept 2005. WiseGeeks, Wisegeek.com/ what-is-ethanol-fuel.htm>, 22 July 2008. 3. Sunshine John. What is Ethanol Fuel? 8 July 2008. Ethanol. 20 July 2008. . 4. Unknown. Biofuels. Alternative Energy. 25 July 2008. . 5. Unknown. Genomes to Life. 2007 July 10. Biofuels for Transportation. 19 July 2008. . 6. Unknown. The Benefits of Biomass. 2006 Sept 18. Bioenergy. 18 July 2008. . 7. West, Lester. What is Ethanol? 13 March 2005. About. 17 July 2008. ethanol.htm>.

Bilingualism in Children

Bilingualism can be viewed in two different ways. One way of viewing bilingualism is that it is a commendable trait for a person to have, that is alongside the thinking that it is a mark of high intellect. Another way of viewing bilingualism is that it is a negative upshot of Globalism, that it is a degradation of culture. It is undeniable that bilingualism is a prevalent topic in today’s society. Some even consider it as an essential trait for survival in the context of the modern world.This notion of bilingualism is especially prevalent in the US, where immigrants should adopt a second language to be competitive in terms of employment. That is why children from immigrant families are advised by their parents to learn a second language early as early as possible. The problem bilingualism arises when parents fail to consider that children are still in the stage of mastering their first language. Acquiring two language simultaneously is would be difficult for anyone regardless of age. It is a common notion that the children would eventually learn the second language.That is alongside the thinking that, as the children are exposed more to the society speaking the second language, the children would naturally the language. Although, it is observable that children from immigrant families gradually become more and more comfortable with second language through time. But it is also observable that the process that the children have to go through is not an easy one. The difficulty of children’s acquisition of a second language is expressed by Eva Hoffman in her book â€Å"Lost in Translation.† She had thrown in a very helpful query for this discussion: â€Å"†¦how does an individual bend toward another culture without stumbling over? † (Hoffman 209) Hoffman’s semi-autobiographical book is about her struggle to acquire a second language when family had migrated from Poland to Vancouver. The bulk of the book is about her lost of he r sense of place and belonging in her new society. But the fact that the acquisition of the second language would come as natural would not necessarily mean that the children would not be subjected to the consequences of being bilingual.Another book that would be helpful to the discussion at hand is Natasha Lvovich’s â€Å"The Multilingual Self: An inquiry to language learning. † In contrast to Hoffman’s work, Lvovich’s book had taken a more attention-grabbing approach. Lvovich’s work is about the struggles that her daughter had to face when they had moved to America. Although there are some minor differences between the two books, they are both talking the same topic of language acquisition. Both of the books had depicted how a child is subjected to consequences of being bilingual.A common consequence of bilingualism as Lvovich had depicted through the story of her daughter â€Å"†¦she is going through a very difficult period of adjustment a s a teenager growing into adulthood† (Lvovich 101) There was even a point in the book that Lvovich’s daughter became reluctant to speak their first language. Hoffman argued that a reluctance to speak the first language would result to the atrophy of the mother language of the child (Hoffman 98) ConclusionFor children of immigrant families to succeed in being multilingual, their parents should first do careful planning and learning about the nature of language acquisition. The parents should always keep in mind that childhood is already full of challenges as is. They should be aware of the consequence of being bilingual and they should also have at least an idea of how to counter them. Works Cited Hoffman, Eva. (1990). Lost in Translation: A Life in a New Language. NY: Penguin Lvovich, N. (1997). The Multilingual Self: An inquiry into language learning. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Bilingualism in Children Bilingualism is the production and/or comprehension of two languages by the same individual (Cummins, 1981). Many children of varying nationality, acquire this ability of learning two languages through cultural maintenance and educational enrichment. Furthermore, the media continuously bombards children of stimulation of the other language (Cummins, 1981). Cummins (1981) stated that there is a strong tendency among children of replacing the first language with the other. A series of tests were made by Feldman and Shen (1969) about some language-related cognitive advantages of bilingual five year olds.Three tasks for children were made accordingly to gather information. These tasks of increasing difficulty were (1) object constancy, (2) naming and (3) using labels in sentences, respectively . In object constancy, children were primarily shown with objects such as cups, plates, sponge, match and suction cup soap holder. These objects were later physically transformed in front of them. Crushing the cups, burning the match and painting the plates were some examples of transformation. Transformed objects are placed beside an identical pre-transformed objects.Afterwards, the children were asked to identify which among the two was primarily shown. Naming, on the other hand, purposely tests the child's ability to use verbal labels to name familiar objects. The experimenter tried to confuse the children by switching the names of the familiar object and designating nonsensical names to objects. For example, calling an airplane as â€Å"car† and relabeling the cup as â€Å"wug†. The children were asked which among the objects was really an airplane. They were also asked which one was called a â€Å"wug† and then they were asked what it really was.In the third experiment, the child was requested to show his ability of using three sorts of labels in simple relational sentences such as â€Å" The cup is on the plate. † These labels, as discussed i n naming, were common names, switched common names and nonsense names. The principle for using simple relational sentences was that referential word meaning is the simplest sort of meaning. Words like â€Å"cup†, â€Å"plate† and even the part of the predicate â€Å"on† can all be thought of as referring to things. Results showed that bilinguals perform significantly better in the said three tasks than monolinguals do (Feldman & Shen, 1969).Moreover, bilinguals' advantage over monolinguals was more apparent in comprehension than production measures. These means they execute better where nonverbal pointing responses were required. In addition, functions related to labeling would be more advanced by having two languages. Research by Bialystok (2004), on the other hand, has shown that bilingual children develop control processes more readily than monolinguals do. They respond more rapidly to conditions that placed greater demands on working memory and carry out con trolled processes more effectively (Bialystok, 2004).On the other hand, Macnamara (1966) argued some studies have reported negative effects of bilingualism (as cited in Bialystok, 2004). In Feldman & Shen's (1969) experiment, it was found out that monolinguals do better in the use of either common names alone or nonsense names alone. Furthermore, Fishman (1967) added that disadvantages commonly associated with bilingualism would not appear in bilinguals whose languages were situation specific (as cited in Feldman & Shen, 1969). It was an accepted notion that bilinguals had deficits compared with monolingual peers.Nonetheless, studies show significant cognitive advantages of children with bilingual capacities. These advantages were dominant in comprehending rather than performing verbal actions. Other research pointed out bilingual advantages in the areas of creativity, problem solving and perceptual disembedding (Bialystok, 2004). These advantages of bilinguals can be uniquely attri buted to an early development in association and labeling skills (Feldman & Shen, 1969). Bibliography: Bialystok, E. , Craik, F. I. M. , Klein, R. & Viswanathan, M. (2004) Bilingualism, Aging, and Cognitive Control: Evidence From the Simon Task.Psychology and Aging, 19 (2), 290-303. Feldman, C. & Shen, M. Some Language-Related Cognitive Advantages of Bilingual Five Year Olds. Retrieved from http://eric. ed. gov/ERICWebPortal/custom /portlets/recordDetails/detailmini. jsp_nfpb=true&_&ERICExt Search_SearchValue_0=ED031307&ERICExtSearch _SearchType_0=no&accno=ED031307 Cummins, J. Bilingualism and Minority-Language Children. Retrieved from http://eric. ed. gov/ERICWebPortal/custom/portlets/recordDetails/detailmini. jsp_ nfpb=true&_&ERICExtSearch_SearchValue_0=ED215 557&ERICExtSearch_SearchType_0=no&accno=ED215557

Character Analysis “I Stand Here ironing”

What society doesn't grasp is the difficulties it is to maintain this character in the struggles of balancing work, parenting, and everyday life to the underprivileged though the narrator did what she could as a parent even with facing all the difficulties and dilemma she came across. The Narrator in â€Å"l Stand Here Ironing† holds a heavy heart of guilt for her lack of involvement for her daughter and the way she turned out, but at the same time she knows she can't hold all the blame. L Stand here Ironing† opens with the narrator being asked to come in and speak about her daughter. We are never told who is asking this, but whoever is seeking Information from the narrator believed that her daughter Emily â€Å"needs alp†. The narrator expresses that Emily is the first of five children. She goes into deeply explaining Emily as â€Å"The first and only one of our five that was beautiful at birth. † (402) our narrator proceeds to tell us that Emily father le ft them therefore languid 2 old.Due to the situation at hand our narrator had to send Emily away to her father's family at a young age. The reasoning was so that she could make enough money to live a somewhat stable life and also have the proper care for her daughter as she worked. Unfortunately the proper care situation wasn't as simple as one loud think. When our narrator placed Emily in a nursery school she expresses to us how unfriendly the location was, but â€Å"It was the only way we could be together, the only way I could hold a Job. (404) Right here is one point where we can see things aren't the mothers fault. She wants to be with her daughter and the same time she has to work to provide for her so she has no choice but to take the opportunities that are available to her; even if these opportunities are not what she prefers. When our narrator goes into having her second child Susan we learn that Emily has become delirious with the fever that comes before red measles .. . â€Å"(405). Emily was home alone for the week her mother was in the hospital after giving birth to Susan.When our narrator is home again she expresses that Emily did not start to get much better she explains her as â€Å". . Skeleton thin, not wanting to eat, and night after night she had nightmares. † (405) we learn that Emily calls for her mother when she has these nightmares but from being over and to go back to bed. Finally later as she said is â€Å"too late† she begins to start languid 3 hacking on Emily she hears her cried but Emily doesn't need or I guess you could say want the affection at this point.Later we learn that a clinic talk our narrator into sending Emily away to â€Å"Convalescent home† (405). The clinic basically tell our narrator that she can't give Emily the proper care she need and by doing this she can focus on her new baby. When Emily is sent away they are unable to visit her for the first six weeks because the institute decides when they are able to. Once they start visiting we are taught that this place is not of the homiest places, Emily does not enjoy her ATA, and they kind of treat her as a prisoner.When Emily returns home she refuses food and affection from her mother. Emily over the years has had much neglecting which our narrator does understand, but at the same time she had little options, and was also instructed that being sent away was the best for her daughter. To wrap things up we can see pretty clearly that our Narrator did in fact love her daughter. Our narrator never intended to neglect Emily from the love and affection she deserved, but she didn't have many options to choose from.

Death Of A Salesman Essays (1080 words) - English-language Films

Death Of A Salesman Essays (1080 words) - English-language Films Death Of A Salesman Death of a Salesman: In the play, Arthur Millers Death of a Salesman: Willy Loman, a sympathetic salesman and despicable father whos life is a casting off has some traits that match Aristotles views of a tragic hero. Willys series of ups and downs is identical to Aristoles views of proper tragic figure; a king with flaws. His faulty personality, the financial struggles, and his inabiltity are three substantital flaws that contribute to his failure and tragic end. Willy, an aging salesman who sells nothing, is abused by the buyers, and repeatly borrows money from Charley to make ends meet. He is angered by the way his boss, Howard fired him after working for thirty-four-years at the same company, You cant eat the orange and throw the peel awaya man is not a piece of fruit! (Miller, 61). Willy is battling for his life, fighting to sustain a sense of himself that makes it worthwhile living at all in a world which seemingly offers less and less space for the individual. Now, If it is true that tragedy is the consquence of a mans total complusion to evaluate himself justly, his destruction in the attempt posits a wrong or an evil in his environment. And this is precisely the morality of tragedy and its lesson. The discovery of the moral law, which is what the enlightenment of tragedy consists of, is not the discovery of some abstract or metaphysical quantity. (miller, common man) His problem is that he has so completely accepted the values of his society that he judges himself by standards rooted in social myths rather than human necessities. This lack of insight is strikingly similiar to traits of the tragic hero. As Aristotles writes, the tragic hero, Lives for honor and fame. The glaring point of his faulty personality of neglecting others includes those closest to him, his wife, Linda and his two sons, Biff and Happy. Youll retire me for life on seventy goddamn dollars a week? (Miller, 28) is evidence of the cruelty Willy can show toward Happy as he does to Biff. Willy puts enormous pressure on his older son, Biff, to help him out in his time of need, Hap, [Willy] got to understand that Im not the man somebody lends that kind of money to, (Miller, 81). In the past, Biff went unexpectly to Boston, to a hotel where Willy was staying and begs Willy to come back to New York and convince his math teacher to give him a passing grade in a math course so he can graduate on time. While there, Biff sees the WOMAN in his fathers hotel room. Willy, at first, claims she is in the room because her shower is broken; then he changes the story and says he knows her through work, Theyre painting her room so I let her take a shower here. Go back, go back... (Miller,93). It did not get much better at home either. He constantly puts down his wife and hates it when she interrupts him in his conversations with Biff and Happy, Willy reacts angrily,[to LINDA]: Stop interrupting! (Miller, 47). Willy does the best as he know how because his father was never there for him. Despite the good influence Willy has on his wife and two sons, he is a good father to his sons because he spends time with them. For the most part, he is a decent husband who never abused his wife but his wrongs outweight the postive things he did do for his family. He has a difficult time selling anything to earn money, A hundred and twenty dollars! My god, if business dont pick up I dont know what Im going to do!, (Miller, 23). He works very hard he has nothing to show for it. He decides that it was hard for him to travel to places of business and asks his boss, Howard, if he can work closer to home in New York. He gets fired for asking. His financial struggles continue with late bills, and no payment for his premium insurance; he is going deep into debt. He ignores the problems and thinks that everything is going to be all right. Because of the booming economy, he is left behind in the dust; everybody competes for positions in their respective professions, in the world of Americas business. For, if it is true to say that in essence the tragic hero is intent upon claiming

Cost-Push Inflation vs. Demand-Pull Inflation

Cost-Push Inflation vs. Demand-Pull Inflation The general increase in the price for goods in an economy is called inflation, and it is most commonly measured by the consumer price index (CPI) and the producer price index (PPI). When measuring inflation, it is not simply the increase in price, but the percentage increase or the rate at which the price of goods is increasing. Inflation is an important concept both in the study of economics and in real life applications because it affects peoples purchasing power. Despite its simple definition, inflation can be an incredibly complex topic. In fact, there are several types of inflation, which are characterized by the cause that is driving the increase in prices. Here we will examine two types of inflation: cost-push inflation and demand-pull inflation. Causes of Inflation The terms cost-push inflation and demand-pull inflation are associated with Keynesian Economics. Without going into a primer on Keynesian Economics (a good one can be found at Econlib), we can still understand the difference between two terms. The difference between inflation and a change in the price of a particular good or service is that inflation reflects a general and overall increase in price across the whole economy.   Weve seen that inflation is caused by some combination of four factors. Those four factors are: Supply of money goes up  Supply of goods and services goes downDemand for money goes downDemand for goods and services goes up Each of these four factors is linked to the core principles of supply and demand, and each can lead to an increase in price or inflation. To better understand the difference between cost-push inflation and demand-pull inflation, lets look at their definitions within the context of these four factors. Definition of Cost-Push Inflation The text Economics  (2nd Edition) written by American economists Parkin and Bade gives the following explanation for cost-push inflation: Inflation can result from a decrease in aggregate supply. The two main sources of a decrease in aggregate supply are: An increase in wage ratesAn increase in the prices of raw materials These sources of a decrease in aggregate supply operate by increasing costs, and the resulting inflation is called cost-push inflation Other things remaining the same, the higher the cost of production, the smaller is the amount produced. At a given price level, rising wage rates or rising prices of raw materials such as oil lead firms to decrease the quantity of labor employed and to cut production. (pg. 865) To understand this definition, we must understand the aggregate supply.  Aggregate supply is defined as the total volume of the goods and services produced in a country or the supply of goods. To put it simply, when the supply of goods decreases as a result of an increase in the cost of production of those goods, we get cost-push inflation. As such, cost-push inflation can be thought of like this: prices for consumers are pushed up by increases in cost  to produce. Essentially, the increased production costs are passed along to the consumers. Causes of Increased Cost of Production Increases in cost could relate to labor, land, or any of the factors of production.  It is important to note, however, that the supply of goods can be influenced by factors other than an increase in the price of inputs. For instance, a natural disaster can also impact the supply of goods, but in this instance, the inflation caused by the decrease in the supply of goods would not be considered cost-push inflation. Of course, when considering cost-push inflation the logical next question would be What caused the price of inputs to rise? Any combination of the four factors could cause an increase in production costs, but the two most likely are factor 2 (raw materials have become more scarce) or factor 4 (demand for raw materials and labor have risen). Definition of Demand-Pull Inflation Moving on to demand-pull inflation, we will first look at the definition as given by Parkin and Bade in their text Economics: The inflation resulting from an increase in aggregate demand is called demand-pull inflation. Such inflation may arise from any individual factor that increases aggregate demand, but the main ones that generate ongoing increases in aggregate demand are: Increases in the money supplyIncreases in government purchasesIncreases in the price level in the rest of the world (pg. 862) Inflation caused by an increase in aggregate demand  is inflation caused by an increase in the demand for goods. That is to say that when consumers (including individuals, businesses, and governments) all desire to purchase more goods than the economy can currently produce, those consumers will compete to purchase from that limited supply which will drive prices up. Consider this demand for goods a game of tug of war between consumers: as demand increases, prices are pulled up. Causes of Increased Aggregate Demand Parkin and Bade listed the three primary factors behind increases in aggregate demand, but these same factors also have a tendency to increase inflation in and of themselves. For instance, an increase in the money supply is factor 1 inflation. Increases in government purchases or the increased demand for goods by the government is behind factor 4 inflation. And lastly, increases in the price level in the rest of the world, too, causes inflation.  Consider this example: suppose you are living in the United States. If the price of gum rises in Canada, we should expect to see fewer Americans buying gum from Canadians and more Canadians purchasing the cheaper gum from American sources. From the American perspective, the demand for gum has risen causing a price rise in gum; a factor 4 inflation. Inflation in Summary As one can see, inflation more complex than the occurrence of rising prices in an economy, but can further be defined by the factors driving the increase. Cost-push inflation and demand-pull inflation can both be explained using our four inflation factors. Cost-push inflation is inflation caused by rising prices of inputs that cause factor 2 (decreased supply of goods) inflation. Demand-pull inflation is factor 4 inflation (increased demand for goods) which can have many causes.

Entrepreneurship Case study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Entrepreneurship Case study - Essay Example The most obvious reason for branding him as one is that he sought and recognized an opportunity in the niche market took a risk and organized his resources (Harper, 2003; pp 10). He realized that ladders were used in everyday setting thus he created a set of rails that went attached to the ladder would increase the safety levels. This was a new product that is handled well would transform into a profitable venture. By so doing, he hoped to attain financial freedom and provide a better life for his family. He is an entrepreneur as he was future oriented and had a vision that by investing in his business venture, his financial status would be improved and he would spend more time with this family. The only way one can determine his future is by investing in it. He was willing to sacrifice in the short run to reap benefits in the long run. He spent time in developing an idea that had never been tried before but this did not mean that it could not be achieved (Harper, 2003). Sid mobilize d at his all the capital resources at his disposal due to his innovative nature. The general blueprint of his entrepreneurial strategy was rather simple and centralized as Sid wanted to simply sell his product to the local market as he had previous interactions with them (Economic Expert, 2008). Sid Stevens was market driven and was well aware that his success was pegged on the satisfaction of his customers. He was ready to modify his approach to be synonymous with the market demand when there was a demand for different rail specifications. He also managed to create employment and this had an impact on the economy in the long run due to the accelerator and multiplier effects on the economy. Sid Stevens was committed to being the best in his venture and his frustration with his employees on their compromise on quality was unending. He has a strong sense of business ethics that guided his desire to provide quality products. Despite the challenges and frustrations, his resilience in the pursuit of success was undeterred. Initially, his wife, the banker and his former employer expressed their skepticism on the viability of the project. However, Sid's optimism on the possibility of what the future held saw him remain true to his cause (Knight, 1967). Once it took off, he was a f ocused and effective decision maker as any delay in the decision making process will compromise the business. QUESTION 2: The Beermat Entrepreneur notes that four cornerstones are necessary for an entrepreneurial endeavor to succeed. What cornerstones did the Ladder Rail venture have, and which were missing What could Sid have done to fill in these gaps in his business The Beermat entrepreneur demands that ha potential entrepreneur profiles himself so as to determine if one should embark on an entrepreneurial venture or to team up with an actual entrepreneur as a corner stone of a new company or as a member of the dream team of a more established company. A cornerstone is an individual with expertise in certain business areas such as management, leadership, public relations, recruitment, marketing and finance. The four cornerstones according to the Beer Mat entrepreneur are involved in finance, technical operations, business' sales and delivery. These individuals are instrumental in the overall well being of the company as they have the technical know how to deal

Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 64

Assignment Example Moreover, the portfolio will enable Sustain U Clothing to create loyalty to customer and reduce brand switching by offering quality T-shirts. Through push and pull strategies, the Sustain U Clothing must rely on advertisement, personal selling, promotion, public relation and personal selling. Additionally, the process also aims at analyzing the effects of the pricing strategies. The Sustain U Clothing should will adverts to reach or appeal to more customers, and this will be contained in the portfolio appendix. The adverts with be in print form adverts and website adverts. Both forms of adverts will contain the picture taken from the promotional material at Sustain U Clothing shop. One picture will be in the form of the television screen grab that will be used in the YouTube and Facebook pages. Despite the intended simplicity on the ads, they will both contain same information. The main segmentation criteria to apply are the psychographic segmentation that targets students based on their lifestyle and attitude concerning the T-shirt wears. The main customers targeted by the Sustain U Clothing are students (Havaldar 346). Therefore, the adverts and other promotional materials must aim at reflecting the quality of the product. Additionally, the graphics used in the website pages must be highly appealing that once seen by the students using YouTube and Facebook, they must have a look at them. The clothes should be of different varieties in terms of quality and color since customers often have different tastes and preferences towards the same. Promotion is also part of advertising that must be embraced and be included in the marketing strategies of the Sustain U Clothing. The cheapest and effective promotional mechanisms that relate to the advertising that Sustain U Clothing can adopt include personal selling and sales

A number of different background factors have been seen to affect Essay

A number of different background factors have been seen to affect successful performance in Higher Education (HE). Identify one - Essay Example Age of students is yet another factor which has been found to be highly correlated with students’ performance in undergrad programs (Barrow et al., 2009). In the context of institutions whose population is skewed towards mature adult students, there is a strong linkage between the percentage of mature students and their non-completion percentages (Barrow et al., 2009). The main reason for this the diversity of entry routes employed by these students when they enroll into an undergrad program (Barrow et al., 2009). Interestingly, mature strata of students are found to have achieved better grades than their non-mature counterparts. Similarly, the relationship of socio-economic class and ethnicity with entry route also presumes much importance in research literature (Barrow et al., 2009). This is attributed to lower standards of pre entry qualifications of ethnic minorities, particularly those from overseas. There is, however, a large section of this relationship that remains une xplained. Perhaps, one of the most significant factors affecting higher education is gender. Research demonstrates that a larger percentage of female undergraduate students successfully achieve ‘good’ degrees (either a first or a II: i) compared to their male counterparts (Barrow et al., 2009).

Chinese is similar in many ways to the politeness and respect language Essay

Chinese is similar in many ways to the politeness and respect language styles of Japanese - Essay Example This etiquette charms the day to day activities and adds luster to conversation. One derives pleasure to deal with such people. To put it in practical terms, what does it cost to be gracious and polite conversationalist? Say a few good words in appreciation of the individual with whom one is dealing?-that’s what the Chinese and Japanese seem o believe. Chinese is similar in many ways to the politeness and respect language styles of Japanese. Since language has direct bearing on then social disposition of both these people, an activity based comparison needs to be made to justify this assertion. Understanding Chinese and Japanese language means understanding their cultures and etiquettes. We find surprising similarities amongst these people. Their style of functioning is identical in many areas and activities. To cite an example, the Japanese don’t pour one’s own drink, if the glass is empty; usually the host will pour it. The Chinese also never pour one’s own drink first. Generally a toast is made for friendship, or business. While pouring drink for everyone, it is made sure, no one is left out. To forget someone is considered bad manners. Even when the glass is full, pour a few drops in, or give the cup a fond stare, before moving to the next guest. The Chinese dinner consists of many courses; just sample everything in the plate. If one empties the plate, the host observes it and he will get more food. Don’t eat the last piece; leave something. As per the Japanese traditions too, an empty plate means that one wishes to have more food. When fini shed with eating, leave some food on the plate. Chopsticks have a special importance for the Chinese as well as the Japanese. They are sacrosanct. The Chinese don’t take the chopstick and use them like forks by poking into the food. Chopsticks are used to pick up the food. In the picking process, if you drop a piece, no attempt is made to pick up another piece. Keep on trying to pick

Two news Reading response about supply chain management strategy Assignment

Two news Reading response about supply chain management strategy - Assignment Example This company focuses on the preferences of their customers and tries to make a product by adopting these preferences. This process is known as Quality Function Deployment. The Fashion world is quite uncertain and keeps on changing day to day due to the changing trends across the globe. Zara is one of the most renowned companies in the fashion industry and the reason behind its success is its exceptional supply management strategies. The supply chain strategies of this company make it successful in the stock market. One of the reasons behind its efficient supply chain management is that it uses information technology to achieve its supply chain. Zara uses its own railway track that helps in the speedy distribution of goods to other developing countries. Also, Zara create its products in small qualities and in this way they figure out which product is successful and which won’t work in the market (Loeb). Loeb, W. (2013, October 14). Zaras Secret To Success: The New Science Of Retailing. Retrieved January 20, 2015, from Forbes :

Personal Statement for Masters Degree of Computational Finance Essay

Personal Statement for Masters Degree of Computational Finance - Essay Example As I walk down the crowded streets of downtown Chicago, I am always left wonderstruck at the high rising skyscrapers. I imagine the elegant office interiors and debonair lives of CEOs and Presidents of various affluent companies nested in these massive buildings. And then I stand there feeling totally elated because I know it is the wonderful field of Finance that has resulted in these modern wonders. From a singleton in a society to the society itself and consequently the world at large; everyone is affected by the variables of finance. And it is this very power and reaches that the field of finance possesses, inspires me every minute to master its various nuances. Whenever I retrospect my own life, I distinctly see the roller coaster ride that I have been through. I have faced innumerable challenges, including certain events so critical and stressful, that it could have ended my career in a miserable state, had I not managed them effectively. But I have carved my way out of every problem I faced, and today I strongly believe that I possess all the skills necessary to take up any challenge and surface to the solution successfully. Quite interestingly, on observation, it is evident that the most important causes for my success in all the challenges I have faced are my alacrity for finance, management, and mathematics. My decision to take up finance as my major for my under-graduation was not by chance, but rather by choice. Since the very beginning of my school days, I have been proficient in mathematics. I have always remained to be a topper of my class in all mathematics-related subjects. I have always wanted to enter and consolidate in a field that blends both mathematics and finance. At the outset, I must confess that my GPA does not fall in the very top percentage of my class. However, I strongly feel that my GPA does not truly reflect my knowledge in the domain. I have taken advanced courses during my under-graduation which justifies the fall in my final GPA.

Chinese is similar in many ways to the politeness and respect language Essay

Chinese is similar in many ways to the politeness and respect language styles of Japanese - Essay Example This etiquette charms the day to day activities and adds luster to conversation. One derives pleasure to deal with such people. To put it in practical terms, what does it cost to be gracious and polite conversationalist? Say a few good words in appreciation of the individual with whom one is dealing?-that’s what the Chinese and Japanese seem o believe. Chinese is similar in many ways to the politeness and respect language styles of Japanese. Since language has direct bearing on then social disposition of both these people, an activity based comparison needs to be made to justify this assertion. Understanding Chinese and Japanese language means understanding their cultures and etiquettes. We find surprising similarities amongst these people. Their style of functioning is identical in many areas and activities. To cite an example, the Japanese don’t pour one’s own drink, if the glass is empty; usually the host will pour it. The Chinese also never pour one’s own drink first. Generally a toast is made for friendship, or business. While pouring drink for everyone, it is made sure, no one is left out. To forget someone is considered bad manners. Even when the glass is full, pour a few drops in, or give the cup a fond stare, before moving to the next guest. The Chinese dinner consists of many courses; just sample everything in the plate. If one empties the plate, the host observes it and he will get more food. Don’t eat the last piece; leave something. As per the Japanese traditions too, an empty plate means that one wishes to have more food. When fini shed with eating, leave some food on the plate. Chopsticks have a special importance for the Chinese as well as the Japanese. They are sacrosanct. The Chinese don’t take the chopstick and use them like forks by poking into the food. Chopsticks are used to pick up the food. In the picking process, if you drop a piece, no attempt is made to pick up another piece. Keep on trying to pick

Personal Statement for Masters Degree of Computational Finance Essay

Personal Statement for Masters Degree of Computational Finance - Essay Example As I walk down the crowded streets of downtown Chicago, I am always left wonderstruck at the high rising skyscrapers. I imagine the elegant office interiors and debonair lives of CEOs and Presidents of various affluent companies nested in these massive buildings. And then I stand there feeling totally elated because I know it is the wonderful field of Finance that has resulted in these modern wonders. From a singleton in a society to the society itself and consequently the world at large; everyone is affected by the variables of finance. And it is this very power and reaches that the field of finance possesses, inspires me every minute to master its various nuances. Whenever I retrospect my own life, I distinctly see the roller coaster ride that I have been through. I have faced innumerable challenges, including certain events so critical and stressful, that it could have ended my career in a miserable state, had I not managed them effectively. But I have carved my way out of every problem I faced, and today I strongly believe that I possess all the skills necessary to take up any challenge and surface to the solution successfully. Quite interestingly, on observation, it is evident that the most important causes for my success in all the challenges I have faced are my alacrity for finance, management, and mathematics. My decision to take up finance as my major for my under-graduation was not by chance, but rather by choice. Since the very beginning of my school days, I have been proficient in mathematics. I have always remained to be a topper of my class in all mathematics-related subjects. I have always wanted to enter and consolidate in a field that blends both mathematics and finance. At the outset, I must confess that my GPA does not fall in the very top percentage of my class. However, I strongly feel that my GPA does not truly reflect my knowledge in the domain. I have taken advanced courses during my under-graduation which justifies the fall in my final GPA.

The Role of Jobs In Theatre Essay Example for Free

The Role of Jobs In Theatre Essay The Role and Jobs of the Producer, Director, Designer, Play-writer, and Actors within the play and how each of their Roles interacts with Each Other A theatre stage drama is very interesting complex task that has been admired for years by the viewers. The success of a theatre depends on how many quality stage plays it can produce. Its success depends on the collaborative actions of all the staff members. Each staff member has his own responsibility.   Producer   Producer has several tasks to cover in a playwright. He is concerned with a clearer production on theatre or stage. He analyzes the play, edit and write to make the play much better. Producer is the person who takes the initiative in any play and he’s the first place where play has to be started.   The producer determines where play has to set. That is what would be the right location for a play where all the rehearsals can take place. It is all in the hands of the producer to find a good director of the play. He’s responsible for the location of performances. He determines how many and which play has to be performed. In addition there are several other correlated tasks like marketing and advertising activities and all remaining activities associated with the complete production of a play. He’s also responsible for contacting various people and concerned companies, departments, schools for obtaining permission for the production of a play at particular place.   Producer is also responsible for finding the cameramen, cinematography, music and picture settings.   Producer also manages the workshops to enhance role of each and every individual and to train the staff for their relevant tasks. Producers have choice to either work part-time or full time. Some producers only work part time and have several other jobs to complete. Some producers also work as volunteers by choice. They are separately on the kind of job they’ve done and time they invest. The main focus that makes a theatre play successful is their interaction, cooperation and responsible act. It does not matter that whether they’re working on part-time basis or full, voluteering their job or not but the main thing is that how responsibly they interact. Producers stand responsible for the overall production of the play. Producers can act individually or they may work in groups. Raising the finances Producers are responsible for raising the finances for the theatre. They set prices and plans for how money can be raised for one play. He’s also responsible for setting the pay of other staff members. He calculates the costs and profits. Usually producing a theatre play entails high cost. A lot of funds investiment is required to have the play completed. Script selection Producer determines that which script he needs for a particular play. Producer is always in direct contact with the writers and ask them about what needs to be done for a particular play. Because requirements for each play is totally different. And the story and plot of the play must be compelling enough to let the viewers enjoy it. Plot of the play and overall story has lot to do with the success of a drama. Hence, producer works in close collaboration with writers about a particular play. Place of performance Producer is mainly responsible for setting the place where play will be carried out. Place has to determine a lot about the play. The writer also needs to write according to the place and background.   Role of Director in Theatre   Directors direct the play. Directors set the play setting and command for action. He directs the production. He interprets the vision of a writer into actual form. Direction has a lot of impact on the success of a script or play. Director works with all other cast and crew of the play.   A director has a very principal role in directing a play. He works on various tasks along with producer to ensure a unique and clear production. Without director the production of a theatre play will never be completed. He works with all other important staff members to direct the play. The key persons involved with directors are producers, writer and designer. He co-ordinates many principle activities like coordinating acting, background settings, sound settings, stage settings, costume design, setting of lights, stagecraft and help with production. â€Å"In the early 1890s dimmers were being used, an invention of Granville Woods. It can be seen that electric lights, or instruments, had to be positioned and focused on actors, and so the first lighting operators also had to direct the actors where to move, and thus may well have unwittingly created the position of an outside director. It was in the early part of the new century that they gained widespread popularity. Prior to that, the leading actor or actress would dictate the shape of stage arrangements, usually for their own benefit. The eighteenth century actress Sarah Siddons was famous for this, even once ending Macbeth at the sleepwalking scene.† (Wikipedia) The director plays the primary role in making decisions in the play. He interprets the text of writer and then decides how the scene has to be accomplished. He’s the primary visionary of the play. However, in every theatre and every play director has different roles to observe and their authority over various tasks also differ. In different states, every theatre determines the kind of responsibility and task to be assigned to the director. It may also vary according to the play that needs to be directed. The responsibility on each director depends on which state and theatre he is working with and what kind of play he has to cover. Different theatre companies determine what tasks need to be assigned. Directors work in cooperation with other staff members and work in collaboration with them to accomplish a task. The directing can be adopted for different styles. According to wikipedia â€Å"Directing is an artform that has grown with the development of theatre theory and theatre practice. With the emergence of new trends in theatre, so too have directors adopted new methodologies and engaged in new practices. Generally speaking, directors adopt a style of directing that falls into one or more of the following categories: the dictator, negotiator, the creative artist, and the confrontationalist† (Wikiepedia) The dictator kind of directing is that when director plays a dominant role and he’s the one who is concerned about all kind of tasks without having any suggestions from actors and other staff members. In another kind of style a director is much lenient and talks with every member about what should be done and everyone has a part to play and suggest what is best. He can be a creative artist who artistically commands each and every action of the play. He may take suggestions from others but only authorized to give final decisions. Directors have also to do something with the light settings, bulbs, intensity and shades. Directors determine where the lights will fall, which area should be shadowed and where light intensity should be great to view the scene. Actor and actress also play major part in determining the kind of clothes, make up and stage settings. Directors set that few lights have to be set on the actors. He may constantly talk and negotiate with others to produce quality scene. Role of Designer in Theatre Designer design the play backgrounds. Designer also designs the hairstyle, clothing and other related stuff of the actors. He also designs the background settings and the environment. The overall scene must be very powerful, eye-catching, and modernistic. In some scenes designer calls for realistic view of the image, while at other pictures of the scenes it must be not very clear to elude the realism. Everything was kept very simple. Background must be very good with perfect lighting and composition to keep everything straightforward. The role of Play-writer Play writer, of course is the main person who writes the script of the play. The writer writes the dialogues, speeches, scenes, backgrounds and other related stuff. Play-writer interacts with producer and directors to find out opportunities and possible thing in his writing. He may also contact by producer and director on the basis if they need any change in the play. â€Å"Even if your story revolves around subject matter the average citizen would consider less than exciting, your as the scriptwriter must find an edge that makes your video watchable. Subject matter is what you make it, and the basic notions of any dramatic, or comedic piece conflict, resolution, character arcs exist everywhere. It is up to you, the writer to disseminate what would tell a good story from a mediocre story, and then delve further.† (Cook, 2004) Play writer writes the play with scenes and dialogues according to the environment. He writes the suspense, opening and ending. The story, script, direction and production combined made the theatre compelling. The writer must first know the story of the play and what has to be written. The writer is contacted by the director and producers both. The writer writes the complete play and show this to director and producer. As directors and producers are directly involved with the play, they constantly gets in touch with the writer to have any improvement the write-up, story, and plot. â€Å"Like any form of technical writing, scriptwriting has its own ends and outs that must be adhered to in order for your script to be taken as a serious venture by the rest of the world. Find scripts that delve into your type of field, and read them carefully. Understand, if you do not know what a script looks and reads like now, or unless you take the time to find out, you never will.† (Cook, 2004) As cook advices that writing should be unique enough that it competes with all others. Writer not only writes dialogues but also expressions, complete scenes, background and plot layout of the play. Writers may need to cut the scenes if director thinks that a particular scene is not required. Even he may need to add stuff, scenes and other things as required. â€Å"The second act not only serves as the main vehicle for your story to flow with rising action, catalysts, and the climax of your story, but it also allows you to develop and humanize your characters with the audience so we, the viewing public become emotionally attached to your character. Even in a thirty second Public Service Announcement this statement is true.† (Cook, 2004) The role of Actors Actors are there to act in the play. The act on what is being written in the play. They speak the dialogues of the play. The act as directed by the director. The acting and characters in the theatre must be remarkable. With terrific dialogues it gives the magical perfection to the scenes, character and play. They interact with writer and director in a way that if they couldn’t understand anything they simply ask. â€Å"Kunqu (pronounced kwin chu) is one of the oldest and most refined styles of traditional Chinese theatre performed today. It is a synthesis of drama, opera, ballet, poetry recital, and musical recital, which also draws on earlier forms of Chinese theatrical performances such as mime, farce, acrobatics, ballad recital, and medley, some of which go back to the third century B.C. or even earlier. In a Kunqu performance, recitative is interspersed with arias sung to traditional melodies, called qu-pai. Each word or phrase is also expressed by a stylized movement or gesture that is essentially part of a dance, with strict rules of style and execution much like classical ballet. Even casual gestures must be precisely executed and timed to coordinate with the music and percussion. The refinement of the movement is further enhanced with stylized costumes that also serve as simple props.† (Kangu theatre) The characters and actors play a big part in success of the overall story because it is their acting that makes it successful. Not too many people understand arts the way actors do. Some people may say that everyone can become an actor, but not everyone can become good actors.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Actors with capacity strengthen the role of actors and can present themselves as livestock professionals. Actors may be small but they are the integral part of the entire narrative. The final production of a narrative is determined by the actors and everyone else who is working in the project or they are a whole package (Actors Roles, 2007).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The roles of actors in theatre are different from those in theatre. However, they are, generally, must be prepared to take the role to shape the entire production – from the beginning to the end and they should correspond to the overall idea and context of the production.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In his interview with Olga Surkova , Tarkovsky says, â€Å"To the actor, acting must be like life itself, a riddle, a secret, a mystery.† He describes that in theatre, the actors play incredible roles and responsibilities. For actors in theatre, their roles increases (Olga, 2007).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   For this, actors should be familiar with and â€Å"be acquainted with the director’s ideas and intentions in their completeness,† add Tarkovsky (Olgo, 2007). In every circumstance, they should be able to respond spontaneously and act intuitively under the director’s guidance.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Actors should know the whole scenario before starting their part. For theatre actors, they have to presume that they know the end result of the theatre. They have to learn desperately and imagine the final form while those of the theatre are still at rehearsing stage (Actors for Role Play, 2007).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Theatre actors who are able to foresee the final form tend to be given the opportunity to express his or her own ideas of the role they are playing or the role of other actors. This makes them to be fateful, which in turn, add to the final form of the production. This is applied to actors of all scenarios. Too often, the final form is better than the script or vice versa. It depends on the actors and the roles they play in the entire set.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Not only actors have different roles in different scenarios, but they also require different methods in different cases. Director plays important part in this because he or she has to be innovative and creative while guiding the actors to meet the final as he imagine what is written in the script. In fact, the director breathes life to the actors and together, they work to produce a production of the same theme.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Some directors require the actors not to know the whole script but waiting for his or guidance. The most important requirement for their role is that they should not be artificial but act naturally.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Said Olga, if in theater the director’s idea represent the foundation of the cast’s acting, the actors fills â€Å"a function in an intellectually constructed ritual. The director’s thoughts are transmitted through the tangible presence on stage of the person playing the part.† (Olga, 2007) For example in Murder in the Cathedral The act of female chorus was contradictory to the male priests and showed Thomas’ disagreement and conflicting feelings and thought. The play is shown in very naà ¯ve manner and with clarity to depict the historical period accurately. Though there might be some deviations from the real facts when analyzed in details. However, production is good and historical events are portrayed well. The image of the characters is well depicted (Murder in the Cathederal).   Play is formed with multidimensional platform with big cast to handle and with beautiful lighting decoration of the stage. It tried to give exact picture of Thomas’ world and his internal and external relationship in cathedral. The visual experience is very good and pictures historical period. The chorus of females, who were six from Canterbury, used to sing the fears, oppression, despair and sufferings of people representing an ordinary folk. This chorus were mainly chanting and speaking of ordinary people hardships they suffer due to the temporal power on them. In the play they are narrating to the audience about the past and express their feelings about the fate. The women of Canterbury sang about destiny, which focus the environment of play on martyrdom, life and death. To some extent they foretell Thomas murder. Portray of women was shown as protective, caring, weak but intuitive, and quintessence of Canterbury people (Murder in the Cathederal). Conclusion Interaction of Producer, Director, Designer, Writer and Actors is very important in production of a play. The details of setting and characters are directed very accurately and in cost-effective way. All the individual elements like script, characters, acting, lighting, direction, production, writing, editing and photography all perfectly correlated. A perfect balance must be created in all the settings. All these things from playwriting to final production of the play are equally interrelated. If everything is done perfectly in its place then the play goes very well. References Content standards for theatre http://www.artsusa.org/public_awareness/standards/California/CALIFORNIA-%20THEATRE%20STANDARDS.PDF Cook, Nash. (2004) Writing a Shooting Script. Retrieved from http://is.asu.edu/dms/WritingaShootingScript.htm Olga Surkova interviews Tarkovsky . Retrieved May 3, 2007 from http://www.acs.ucalgary.ca/~tstronds/nostalghia.com/TheTopics/On_Acting.html Actors for Role Play. Retrieved May 3, 2007 from http://www.actorsmeanbusiness.co.uk/role1.htm Actors Roles. Retrieved Mary 3, 2007 from http://www.actorsmeanbusiness.co.uk/role1.htm Kangu theatre: http://wtrgreenkunqu.org/Resources/Kunqu Description.htm Wikepedia.com Cook, Nash. Writing a Shooting Script. Retrieved from http://is.asu.edu/dms/WritingaShootingScript.htm

Different Raster Systems With Resolutions

Different Raster Systems With Resolutions Consider three different raster systems with resolutiuns of 640 by 480, 1280 by 1024, and 2560 by 2048. What size frame buffer in bytes is needed for each of these systems to store 12 bits per pixel? How, much storage: is required for each system if 24 bits per pixel are to be stored? Solution:- For 12 bits per pixel:- Frame buffer size=640* 480*12=3686400/8=460800bytes Frame buffer size=1280*1024*12=15728640/8=1966080 bytes Frame buffer size=2560*2048*12=62914560/8=7864320 bytes For 24 bits per pixel:- Frame buffer size=640*480*24=7372800/8 =921600bytes Frame buffer size=1280*1024*24=31457280bits=3932160 bytes Frame buffer size=2560*2048*24=125829120 bits=15728640 bytes Suppose an RGB raster system is to be designed using an 8-inch by 10-inch screen with a resolution of 100 pixels per inch in each direction. If we want to store 6 bits per pixel in the frame buffer, how much storage ( in bytes ) do we need for the frame buffer? Storage to store 6 bits per pixels=8*10*100*6=6000bytes How long would it take to load a 640 by 480 frame buffer with 12 bits per pixel, if lo5 bits can be transferred per second! How long would it take to load a 24-bit per pixel frame buffer with a resolution of 1280 by 1024 using this same transfer rate? For 12 bits per pixel:- Time taken=640*480*12=(3686400)/10^5=36.864 second For 24 bits per pixel:- Time taken=(1280*1024*24)/10^5=314.57second Consider two raster systems with resolutions of 640 by 480 and 1280 by 1024. How many pixels could be accessed per second in each of these systems by a display controller that refreshes the screen at a rate of 60 frames per second? What is the access time per pixel in each system? For resolution 640 by 480 Total pixels=640*480*60=18432000 pixels Time taken=1/18432000=5.425*10^-8 seconds For resolution 1280 by 1024 Total pixels =1280*1024*60=78643200 pixels Time taken =1/78643200=1.27*10^-8 seconds How much time is spent scanning across each row of pixels during screen refresh on a raster system with a resolution of 1280 by 1024 and refresh rate of 60 frames per second? 1024*60=61440rows Time taken =1/61440=1.628^-5seconds Section B Wide-Screen displays Widescreen usually refers to the aspect ratio of an image. In general terms, most images are considered to be in widescreen format when they have an aspect ratio larger than 4:3. When talking about widescreen, generally, most people are referring to the aspect ratio or shape of their TV set, monitor or digital image. One of the best ways to understand widescreen is to compare it with the most common type of aspect ratio, 4:3 which is the aspect ratio or shape of a standard TV set. A standard TV set is pretty much boxy in shape. The aspect ratio is 4:3, this means that the TV screen is 4 times wide by three times high. Because this ratio is almost equal to each other, it is considered similar to a box or square. A perfect square would be 4:4, which is really a ratio that is to 1:1. So now that we know that a standard TV is boxy or squares in shape having an aspect ratio of 4:3, widescreen formats usually have 16:9, a much more rectangular shape. A rectangular is a much more natural looking image. When the human eye sees the world, it does not see a box, but mainly a panorama image. We might focus our attention on a square shape in front of us, but there is a lot more visual information that our peripheral vision picks up. 16:9 aspect ratio is considered widescreen format and is much more natural to view. Most cinematic films are an aspect ratio of 16:9, so they can be viewed easily on a widescreen TV or monitor. You might not have realized that when you watch a movie on your standard TV that has an aspect ratio of 4:3, part of the sides of the movie are cut off or cropped. When you watch a movie on a widescreen, you are able to see the entire picture without any cropping. Sometimes widescreen is referred to by the term letterbox meaning a rectangular shape. Wide screen TV:- When television was introduced and for many years since then the aspect ratio was 4:3. The original standard aspect ratio for films was 4:3 , the adoption of the Academy ratio 1932 brought a slight change to a 1.37 aspect ratio. Material which was originally widescreen (e.g., Cinemascope films) were often transmitted with the sides truncated, using a technique called pan and scan. The introduction of a wider television format was met with some resistance within the film industry, but eventually became the norm. In Europe the PAL TV format, with its higher number of visible screen lines means that the low horizontal resolution associated with showing un cropped widescreen movies on TV is not as bad There is even an extension to PAL, called PAL plus, which allows specially equipped receivers to receive a PAL picture as true 16:9 with full 576 lines of vertical resolution, provided the stations employ the same system. Standard PAL receivers will receive such a broadcast as a 16:9 image letterboxed to 4:3, with a small amount of color noise in the black bars; this noise is actually the additional lines which are hidden inside the color signal. This system has no equivalent in analog NTSC broadcasting. Despite the existence of PALplus and support for widescreen in the DVB-based digital satellite, terrestrial and cable broadcasts in use across Europe, only Belgium, Ireland, the Netherlands, Austria, Germany, Scandinavia and the UK have taken up widescreen at any great rate, with over half of all widescreen channels available by satellite in Europe targeting those areas. 16:9 TV displays have come into wide use. They are typically used in conjunction with Digital, High-Definition Television (HDTV) receivers, or Standard-Definition DVD players and other digital television sources. Digital material is provided to widescreen TVs either in high-definition format, which is natively 16:9 , or as an anamorphically-compressedstandard-definition picture. Typically, devices decoding Digital Standard-Definition pictures can be programmed to provide anamorphic widescreen formatting, for 16:9 sets, and formatting for 4:3 sets. Pan-and-scan mode can be used on 4:3 if the producers of the material have included the necessary panning data; if this data is absent, letterboxing or centre cut-out is used. HD DVD and Blu-ray disc players were introduced in 2006. Toshiba ceased production of HD DVD players in early 2008 after key defections from the HD DVD camp damaged the viability of the format. As of 2010 it still remains to be seen whether Blu-ray will stimulate the sales of HD pre-recorded films on disc, and more HD monitors and tuners. Consumer camcorders are also available in HD-video format at fairly low prices. These developments will result in more options for viewing widescreen images on television monitors. Widescreen Computer Displays Computer displays with aspect ratios wider than 4:3 are also called widescreen. Widescreen computer displays are mainly intended for computers used, at least sometimes, to display entertainment; data processing tends to use 4:3. Widescreen computer displays are typically of the 1.6 (8:5, typically written as 16:10) aspect ratio. True widescreen (16:9) monitors can be found in resolutions of 1024576, 1152648, 1280720, 1600900, and 19201080. Apples 27 iMac introduced a new 16:9 resolution: 25601440 in late 2009. By 2010 many manufacturers had practically abandoned the older 4:3 format, instead opting to manufacture 16:10 models, and lately, even shorter 16:9 displays. Suitability for applications Since many modern DVDs and some TV shows are in a widescreen format, widescreen displays are optimal for their playback on a computer. 16:9 material on a 16:10 display will be letterboxed, but only slightly. However, when screen width is not an issue, as in data processing or viewing 4:3 entertainment material such as older films and digitalphotographs, the sides of the widescreen image may be wasted, although it can be useful to display two or more windows side-by-side.. Most non-linear digital video editing software benefits more from horizontal space than from vertical space. However, for data processing many computer programs often have many toolbars and other information such as status bars, headers, and tabs, which require vertical space. In such cases the additional width is unwanted; on a computer used only for data-processing the additional screen area is better dedicated to a larger 4:3 screen. When displaying a document or ebook, two pages can be displayed side by side on a wide screen, or two documents compared. If a desktop monitor supports it, a whole single page of a book or document can be displayed on a rotated portrait-oriented screen. A very few computer games, including the first few Command Conquer games, run at a native 640400 resolution, making them exceptionally well-suited to 8:5 monitors. A slightly larger number, including Doom 3, can be set to either widescreen or full screen (4:3), with the widescreen options offering wider horizontal fields of view without sacrificing vertical FOV. However, most computer games are not designed for optimum effect on a widescreen display, being stretched unnaturally, not filling the screen, or letterboxed. Older laptop computers with a pointing device that did not take up space such as a pointing stick (Trackpoint) or trackball attached to the side of the machine could accommodate a keyboard which matched a 16:9 screen well. The use of touchpads, which require a lot of space below the keyboard, and the removal of keys such as the Numeric keypad more accurately matches the 4:3 ratio of a screen found on smaller net books and laptops. Widescreen Notebook Displays The earliest instance of the widescreen display being installed inside a notebook computer can be traced back to the Sony C1 which displayed a resolution of just 800 x 480. Widescreens made their official entrance in PC notebooks in 2003, although Apple preceded this by offering the 15 widescreen Power Mac. In 2005, the popularity of widescreen notebooks reached a new high with the unveiling of the Thinkpad widescreen Z60 series notebooks. Sonys pioneering widescreen VAIO C1 notebook The question is: Is the widescreen format for everybody? A big part of the answer will depend on what a widescreen notebook or monitor is used to do. Here are some considerations that might help with your decision: 1. Widescreen Notebooks The length and width of a widescreen notebooks screen set it apart from the standard notebook. The average notebook uses an aspect ratio of 4:3 and a resolution of 1024 x 768 pixels. The widescreen notebook breaks with tradition and increases screen size 25% lengthwise for proportions equal to that of the cinema screen or a widescreen LCD TV. 2. Widescreen Display Sizes The Sony C1 may have started it all, but it is by now considered only as a small-sized widescreen notebook, which is anything below 12.1. Currently on offer are 8.9, 10.6, 11.1, 12.1, 13.3, 14, 15.4, and 17 display sizes, with 19 products reportedly in the pipeline. 3. Widescreen Resolutions and their Corresponding Aspect Ratios Here are the common resolutions found in widescreen displays: 800 x 480 Representing an aspect ratio of 10:6, it was seen first in the Sony C1 notebook computer. Although this resolution is very low by todays standards, it was still quite acceptable compared to the 800 x 600 (4:3) resolutions of the time. Although the C1s screen measured only 8.9, it came as a part of the C1s delightfully tight packaging and superb portability. Currently, displays of this resolution are rarely available. 1024 x 600 Also having an aspect ratio of 10:6, it is meant to challenge the mainstream screen with 1024 x 768 resolution. 1280x 768 1280800 The 1280 x 768 resolution representing an aspect ratio of 16:9.5 and the 1280 x 800 resolution representing 16:10 respectively; these are the two most common resolutions used in contemporary 10.6, 12.1, 13.3, 14, 15.4 widescreen displays and can be considered entry-level for widescreen notebook computers. They provide about a 25% increase in onscreen content compared to screens displaying resolutions of 1024 x 768. 1280 x 854 This resolution (16:10.5) was used first in the 15.4 Power Mac notebook computer and adopted later by a limited number of other PC notebooks (mostly sized 154). This resolution has fallen out of favor in recent times. 1366 x 768 This resolution provides a perfect 16:9 aspect ratio and a perfect home for DVD movies and no more annoying black bands above and below the picture. It is currently available in the 11.1 VAIO Type TX widescreen notebook. 1440 x 900 This resolution (16:10) is found in 17 notebooks only, and is positioned as entry level in 17 widescreen notebooks. 1680 x 1050 This is currently the mainstream resolution (also 16:10) for 17 widescreen notebook computer displays. Users will experience a 35% increase in onscreen content compared to the normal 17 screen displaying a resolution of 1280 x 1024. 1920 x 1200 This is the pinnacle for current 17 widescreen notebook displays, and provides a 75% increase in onscreen content when compared to a normal 17 screen of 1280 x 1024 resolution. The resolution is a perfect fit for 1080p and 1080i (1920 x 1080 16:9) HDTV. 4. Benefits of the Widescreen When used for entertainment, a widescreen display is in its element when showing widescreen DVD movies in their intended 16:9 aspect ratio. This means a bigger picture more comfort and less wasted space (less or no black bands on either side of the picture). The widescreen display also makes it easier to edit and view panoramic images and may eliminate troublesome horizontal scrolling altogether. Comparison of different resolutions Another benefit of the widescreen display is evident when it comes to serious work the ability to display two windows side by side and to drag and drop (or copy n paste) data without having to switch between them is priceless. 5. Is the Widescreen Display Perfect? Weve covered a lot of the widescreen displays positive points, but that doesnt mean that there are no drawbacks. Here are some of them: a. The first and most obvious drawback is price, with the widescreen display being quite a bit pricier than the corresponding 4:3 display This is also the reason why widescreen displays are so ubiquitously absent at the entry level price points, though the gap is getting closer. b. The next problem is an issue of mobility, although this really points to notebook sizes 15 and above. It does depend, however, on the design philosophy of the manufacturer some use the desktop replacement mentality and cause their products to be quite large in size and therefore heavier as well. c. Compatibility with applications especially games may be an issue as many games are programmed to be displayed in 4:3 aspect ratio. Depending on your settings, you will experience black bands to the sides of the image, or you may try and stretch the image, which will look uncomfortable in any case. Certainly more and more, if not all, games today are compatible with widescreen display Latest development in widescreen display: Widescreen LCD displays: Barcos LC series of High-Resolution LCD displays has been specifically designed for use in a wide variety of professional applications. The LC family presents crisp, clear and color-accurate images on 42, 47 and 56 screen sizes. Dedicated versions with HD-SDI inputs are available. Featuring some of the most advanced LCD technology available today, Barcos LC series stands for the ultimate in detail. The LC series consists of a 42 and 47 display in native full high definition (19201080 pixels) and a 56 display in quad full high definition (38402160 pixels). Benefits: High brightness High contrast, even in high ambient light environments High resolution and pixel density Frame lock and gunlock functionality Low power consumption Long lifetime Technology used: Plasma screen technology LED technology CRT (cathode ray tube) LCD Plasma screen technology: Flat panel plasma display is the latest display technology and the best way to achieve displays with excellent image quality and large, flat screen sizes that are easily viewable in any environment. Plasma panels are an array of cells, known as pixels, which are composed of three sub pixels, corresponding to the colors red, green, and blue. Gas in the plasma state is used to react with phosphors in each sub pixel to produce colored light (red, green, or blue). These phosphors are the same types used in cathode ray tube (CRT) devices such as televisions and standard computer monitors. You get the rich dynamic colors that you expect. Each sub pixel is individually controlled by advanced electronics to produce over 16 million different colors. All of this means that you get perfect images that are easily viewable in a display that is less than six inches thick. LED technology : There are many consumer advantages to LEDs over incandescent or fluorescent light bulbs. LED lights consume much less energy. They are 300 percent more efficient than a compact fluorescent light (CFL), and 1,000 percent more efficient than an incandescent bulb. They have a very long life, about 50,000 hours of use at 70 percent of their original power. (LEDs dont burn out or flicker, they simply fade.) This works out to eight hours a day for 13 years at 70 percent power. A typical 60-watt incandescent bulb may last about 1,000 hours. LED lighting contains no mercury or other toxins. LEDs emit no ultra violet (UV) light, so they dont attract bugs. They dont generate heat, so they are cool to the touch. They dont generate radio frequency waves, so they dont interfere with radios or television broadcasts. They also are resistant to vibrations and shocks. CRT (cathode ray tube): The Cathode Ray Tube (CRT) is a vacuum tube containing an electron gun (a source of electrons) and a fluorescent screen, with internal or external means to accelerate and deflect the electron beam, used to create images in the form of light emitted from the fluorescent screen. The image may represent electrical waveforms (oscilloscope), pictures (television, computer monitor), radar targets and others.The CRT uses an evacuated glass envelope which is large, deep, heavy, and relatively fragile. LCD (Liquid-crystal display): Liquid-crystal display televisions (LCD TV) are television sets that use LCD technology to produce images. LCD televisions are thinner and lighter than CRTs of similar display size, and are available in much larger sizes. This combination of features made LCDs more practical than CRTs for many roles, and as manufacturing costs fell, their eventual dominance of the television market was all but guaranteed. In 2007, LCD televisions surpassed sales of CRT-based televisions worldwide for the first time, and their sales figures relative to other technologies are accelerating. LCD TVs are quickly displacing the only major competitors in the large-screen market, the plasma display panel and rear-projection television. LCDs are, by far, the most widely produced and sold television technology today, pushing all other technologies into niche roles .

Eudora Weltys The Ponder Heart: A Romance Parody :: Eudora Welty The Ponder Heart

Eudora Welty's The Ponder Heart: A Romance Parody Jennifer Lynn Randisi's book, A Tissue of Lies, explores several of Welty's works. Chapter III of this book takes a close look at the Southern Romance in Welty's novel, The Ponder Heart. In her essay Randisi writes that Welty's novel can be seen as an "ironic myth or romance parody" (57). This idea of ironic myth or romance parody comes from Northrop Frye's definition of"myth as an imitation of ritual (e.g. plot)" (57). Randisi continues to say that the events of the story comprise a quest, but one that recounts events leading to isolation rather than reconciliation, revealed through what the reader comes to know and what Edna Earle cannot see (that is, what she has edited from her perceptions). (57) The distance, or isolation, Edna Earle finds at the end of her quest, which is the telling of her and her family's story, is the alienation of her audience. This alienation is more thoroughly explained by examining different elements of Southern Romance. These elementsare, regional myth surrounding the Southern character, geographic legend [historical legend], family myth (here incorporating a preoccupation with identity in relation to name), acceptance of the authority of the narrative voice, repetition of incident, belief in the ability of language to order chaos, and the ultimate need to create a romance. (58) Randisi makes a very well articulated argument that the novel contains elements of a declining Southern Romance through this "romance parody" (57) theory. She brings to light elements of Edna Earle as a "respectable Southerner" (60), and elaborates on the family myth, which also plays its part in the "respectable Southerner" (60) motif. She successfully demonstrates how the appearance of being a wealthy and generous family is important to the Southern Romance tradition. She then goes on to show that for Edna's story to be believable, readers (listeners) first must accept Edna Earle as a voice of authority; and then readers must recognize that by retelling the story, Edna Earle recreates the ideal version of reality. Randisi helps Welty's readers read between the lines. She shows Edna Earle to be a person who will manipulate her language in order to protect the family name. "The narrative is, in fact, a composite family portrait taken over time, but one stylized, or edited, by its Edna Earle is, to paraphrase Emily Dickinson 'telling all the truth but telling it slant'" (77).

Charles Manson Essay -- essays research papers fc

"Mr. Scott, Ms. Maddox? Here's your baby boy!" These were the first words that Kathleen Maddox heard when she gave birth to a healthy baby boy, to whom she would later give her maiden name. Charles Milles Manson, born in Cincinnati, Ohio, on November 11, 1934 (FAQ's 1), seemed to be a normal child, when, in fact, he was trouble from the start. The two had not planned to have a child, and certainly did not expect him to end up being the most notorious killer of the 20th century. In the summer of 1969, Manson made the residents of California afraid to leave their homes (Fillmer 2). Charlie Manson committed grotesque crimes, controlled his trials, and now resides in the California State Prison (FAQ's 1). Manson had a rocky childhood and family life. Some experts say that he was a bad seed because of the fact that he did not know his father (Bugliosi 28). Kathleen Maddox was considered by some to be a teenage whore. About his mother, Manson says, "For Mom, life was filled with a never-ending list of denials†¦In her search for acceptance she may have fallen in love too easily and too often, but a whore at that time? No!†¦In later years, because of some hard knocks and tough times, she may have sold her body some†¦" Charlie lived with his mother until the age of 5, when she was arrested for armed robbery (FAQ's 1). She was released from prison in 1942. Manson, after living with various relatives, such as a religious aunt and a sadistic uncle who called him a sissy and made him wear girl's clothes on the first day of school ("Charles"), moved back in with his mother for five more years. At that time, she placed him at the Gibault School for Boys in Indiana. After escaping from the School, he committed several burglaries and was placed into the famous Boys Town in Nebraska (FAQ's 1). After being arrested several more times, one of which he was caught in a stolen car at a roadblock (Fillmer 2), he was married to Rosalie Willis in 1955. Lamb 2 Charles' marriage was only the beginning of his "family." Charlie tended to lure in young women, by saying he could "make them feel like they were on top of the world, like they were floating (Fillmer 3)." Manson used sleep deprivation, sex, food control, and drugs to gain complete control of his followers ("Charles"). The Family tended to ... ...ne, when asked what he would do if he ever got out of jail, he said, "I'm already out" (FAQ's 2). WORKS CITED Bardsley, Marilyn. "Charles Manson." http://www.crimelibrary.com/manson.htm (24 Jan. 2000). Bugliosi, Vincent, and C. Gentry. Helter Skelter. 16th ed. New York: Bantam Books, 1974. "Charles Milles Manson." <http://www.geocities.com/Area51/Corridor/5321/manson.html> (13 Feb. 2000). "Charlie." <http://www.geocities.com/Area51/Dreamworld/1681/charles.htm> (13 Feb. 2000). Fillmer, Deborah K. "Forensic Science and the Charles Manson Murders." < http://www.cris.com/ ~dfillmer/manson.htm > (20 Jan. 2000). "Frequently Asked Questions about Charles Manson." < http://www.atwa.com/faq.htm > (20 Jan. 2000). Gilmore, John, and Ron Kenner. The Garbage People. Los Angeles: Omega Press, 1971. Klinghoffer, David. "True Crime." National Review 5 April 1999: 56-57. Nelson, Bill. Manson Behind the Scenes. California: Pen Power Publications, 1997. Sanders, Edwin. The Family. 1st ed. Toronto: Clarke, Irwin, and Company, 1971. Terry, Marcus. The Ultimate Evil. 2nd ed. New York: Bantam Books, 1989.

Ice Cream History

Nick Fri**** Speech 8th Informational Speech History of Ice Cream Introduction: Welcome everyone, I'm going to be talking to you about the history of ice cream. The beginning of Ice Cream History: -There was many stories that were told about who created ice cream and when it was created. -The most popular myth is that a Roman Emperor named Nero had his slaves fetch him snow from the mountains and had honey, or fruit toppings poured over it. However, pouring honey over snow is not actually making ice cream. Ice cream was most likely brought from China back to Europe, because of King Tang from China, had a method of creating ice and milk combinations. Over time, recipes for ices, sherbets, and milk ices evolved from the French and the Italians. -After the dessert was imported to the United States, it was given to a lot of famous people, like Thomas Jefferson and George Washington. And it was even recorded that in the 1700's, that the Governor of Maryland served ice cream to his guests. -The first ice cream parlor in America opened in New York City in 1776. American colonists were the first to use the term â€Å"ice cream†.The name came from the term â€Å"iced cream† which was similar to â€Å"iced tea†. But the name was soon abbreviated to ice cream. (Show Photo 3) Methods & Technology: -The method of using ice mixed with salt to lower and control the temperature of ice cream ingredients during its making was a major breakthrough in ice cream technology. -In 1846, Nancy Johnson created the hand-cranked freezer that established the basic method of making ice cream still used today. (Show Photo 1) -Before the hand-cranked freezer, Ice cream was made by hand in a large bowl placed inside a tub filled with ice and salt.This was called the pot-freezer method. The hand-cranked freezer of course was better, and it produced smoother ice cream in a much quicker time. Ice Cream Sodas: -In the 1870's adding ice cream to soda was popular. They had cola floats, which was coca cola with vanilla ice cream and root beer floats, which were also known as brown cows. There was other flavors like Orange Float, and Purple cow, which is orange or grape soda with vanilla ice cream. (Show Photo 2) Sundae: -Sundaes were probably named after the first day of the week. One popular tale was that many places banned selling sodas on Sunday.So one day, a person put ice cream and syrup in a dish, and the gooey result was a hit. Ice Cream Cone: -No one really knows who made the first ice cream cone. But at the St. Louis World Fair, many people first saw ice cream in an eatable waffle-shaped cone. Eskimo Pie: -The Eskimo Pie bar was created by Chris Nelson, an ice cream shop owner from Iowa. He came up with the idea in the spring of 1920, when a kid came into his store, and had a hard time choosing from an ice cream sandwich and a chocolate bar. So he created ice cream covered in chocolate on a stick. Health Issues: Medical issues with ices and ice cre am was and is ever changing. -In the 17th century some believed that it's cold temperature would cause paralysis. And some say it was just thing to cure scurvy, and extreme weight loss. -In the 19th century it was believed that eating ice cream chilled the stomach and stopped digestion. It was also considered a healthy treat for children. -In the late 20th century, Americans blame ice cream for coronary artery disease. -Yet, in every era, praised or hated, it has been a much-loved dessert. Conclusion: -Thank you everyone for listening to me talk about the history of Ice Cream and have a good day.Work Cited Bellis, Mary. â€Å"Children making ice cream in Caswell County, North Carolina†. n. d. About. com. Web. 06 Oct. 2012. â€Å"Root Beer Floats†. 12 Sept. 2012. Elk Grove News. Web. 06 Oct. 2012. â€Å"First American Ice Cream Parlor†. n. d. Snowball Machinery. Web. 07 Oct. 2012. Quinzio, Jeri. Of Sugar and Snow: A History of Ice Cream Making. Berkeley, CA: Univ ersity of California, 2009. Print. Funderburg, Anne Cooper. Chocolate, Strawberry, and Vanilla: A History of American Ice Cream. Bowling Green, OH: Bowling Green State University Popular, 1995. Print.